Spinal Canal Stenosis

This unit presents a basic protocol for fast spin echo sequences for imaging to diagnose stenosis of the spinal canal. Spinal stenosis is defined generally as a narrowing of one or more of the following: the central canal, foramina, and lateral recesses of the lumbar spine. Specifically, this stenosis can be classified into three types as defined by location: (a) stenosis of the central spinal canal, (b) stenosis of the intervertebral spinal neural foramen or foramina, and (c) stenosis of the lateral recess(es) of the central spinal canal.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145322/1/cpmia0802.pd

Extramuscular myofascial force transmission within the rat anterior tibial compartment: Proximo-distal differences in muscle force

Intramuscular connective tissues are continuous to extramuscular connective tissues. If force is transmitted there, differences should be present between force at proximal and distal attachments of muscles. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and extensor hallucis longus muscles (EHL) were excited simultaneously and maximally. Only EDL length was changed, exclusively by moving the position of its proximal tendon. Distal force exerted by TA + EHL complex was not affected significantly. Proximal and distal EDL isometric force were not equal for most EDL lengths: