A large deviation principle for empirical measures on Polish spaces: Application to singular Gibbs measures on manifolds

We prove a large deviation principle for a sequence of point processes defined by Gibbs probability measures on a Polish space. This is obtained as a consequence of a more general Laplace principle for the non-normalized Gibbs measures. We consider three main applications: Conditional Gibbs measures on compact spaces, Coulomb gases on compact Riemannian manifolds and the usual Gibbs measures in the Euclidean space. Finally, we study the generalization of Fekete points and prove a deterministic version of the Laplace principle known as $\Gamma$-convergence. The approach is partly inspired by the works of Dupuis and co-authors. It is remarkably natural and general compared to the usual strategies for singular Gibbs measures.Comment: 23 pages, abstract also in french, for more details in the proofs see version 1, application to Gaussian polynomials adde

Edge fluctuations for random normal matrix ensembles

A famous result going back to Eric Kostlan states that the moduli of the eigenvalues of random normal matrices with radial potential are independent yet non identically distributed. This phenomenon is at the heart of the asymptotic analysis of the edge, and leads in particular to the Gumbel fluctuation of the spectral radius when the potential is quadratic. In the present work, we show that a wide variety of laws of fluctuation are possible, beyond the already known cases, including for instance Gumbel and exponential laws at unusual speeds. We study the convergence in law of the spectral radius as well as the limiting point process at the edge. Our work can also be seen as the asymptotic analysis of the edge of two-dimensional determinantal Coulomb gases and the identification of the limiting kernels.Comment: 43 pages, improved version with more general theorem

Generalized transport inequalities and concentration bounds for Riesz-type gases

This paper explores the connection between a generalized Riesz electric energy and norms on the set of probability measures defined in terms of duality. We derive functional inequalities linking these two notions, recovering and generalizing existing Coulomb transport inequalities. We then use them to prove concentration of measure around the equilibrium and thermal equilibrium measures. Finally, we leverage these concentration inequalities to obtain Moser-Trudinger-type inequalities, which may also be interpreted as bounds on the Laplace transform of fluctuations.Comment: Typos fixed. We thank Martin Rouault for spotting the

Extremal particles of two-dimensional Coulomb gases and random polynomials on a positive background

We study the outliers for two models which have an interesting connection. On the one hand, we study a specific class of planar Coulomb gases which are determinantal. It corresponds to the case where the confining potential is the logarithmic potential of a radial probability measure. On the other hand, we study the zeros of random polynomials that appear to be closely related to the first model. Their behavior far from the origin is shown to depend only on the decaying properties of the probability measure generating the potential. A similar feature is observed for their behavior near the origin. Furthermore, in some cases, the appearance of outliers is observed, and the zeros of random polynomials and the Coulomb gases are seen to exhibit exactly the same behavior, which is related to the unweighted Bergman kernel.Comment: 36 pages, 4 figure

Asymptotic analysis of the characteristic polynomial for the Elliptic Ginibre Ensemble

We consider the Elliptic Ginibre Ensemble, a family of random matrix models that interpolate between the Ginibre Ensemble and the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble and such that its empirical spectral measure converges to the uniform measure on an ellipse. We show the convergence in law of its normalised characteristic polynomial outside of this ellipse. Our proof contains two main steps. We first show the tightness of the normalised characteristic polynomial as a random holomorphic function using the link between the Elliptic Ginibre Ensemble and Hermite polynomials. This part relies on the uniform control of the Hermite kernel which is derived from the recent work of Akemann, Duits and Molag. In the second step, we identify the limiting object as the exponential of a Gaussian analytic function. The limit expression is derived from the convergence of traces of random matrices, based on an adaptation of techniques that were used to study fluctuations of Wigner and deterministic matrices by Male, Mingo, P{\'e}ch{\'e} and Speicher. This work answers the interpolation problem raised in the work of Bordenave, Chafa{\"i} and the second author of this paper for the integrable case of the Elliptic Ginibre Ensemble and is therefore a fist step towards the conjectured universality of this result

Brenier-Schr{\"o}dinger problem on compact manifold with boundary

We consider the Brenier-Schr{\"o}dinger problem on compact manifolds with boundary. In the spirit of a work by Arnaudon, Cruzeiro, L{\'e}onard and Zambrini, we study the kinetic property of regular solutions and obtain a link to the Navier-Stokes equations with an impermeability condition. We also enhance the class of models for which the problem admits a unique solution. This involves a method of taking quotients by reflection groups for which we give several examples.Comment: 26 page

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Aspects géométriques et probabilistes des gaz de Coulomb

We explore probabilistic models usually called Coulomb gases. They arise naturally in mathematics and physics. We can mention random matrix theory, the Laughlin fractional quantum Hall effect and the Ginzburg-Landau systems of superconductivity. In order to better understand the role of the ambient space, we study geometric versions of such systems. We exploit three structures. The first one comes from the electrostatic nature of the interaction given by Gauss's law. The second one is the determinantal structure which appears only for a specific temperature. The third one is the minimization of the free energy principle, coming from physics which gives us a tool to understand more general models. This work leads to many open questions on a whole family of models which can be of independent interest.Nous explorons des modèles probabilistes appelés gaz de Coulomb. Ils apparaissent dans différents contextes comme par exemple dans la théorie des matrices aléatoires, l'effet Hall quantique fractionnaire de Laughlin et les modèles de supraconductivité de Ginzburg-Landau. Dans le but de mieux comprendre le rôle de l'espace ambiant, nous étudions des versions géométriques de ces systèmes. Nous exploitons trois structures sur ces modèles. La première est définie par l'interaction électrostatique provenant de la loi de Gauss. La deuxième est la structure déterminantale disponible que pour des valeurs précises de la température. La troisième est le principe de minimisation de l'énergie libre en physique, qui permet d'étudier des modèles plus généraux. Ces travaux conduisent à des nombreux questions ouvertes et à une famille de modèles d'intérêt