Technocracy inside the rule of law : challenges in the foundations of legal norms

Technocracy is usually opposed to democracy. Here, another perspective is taken: technocracy is countered with the rule of law. In trying to understand the contemporary dynamics of the rule of law, two main types of legal systems (in a broad sense) have to be distinguished: firstly, the legal norm, studied by the science of law; secondly, the scientific laws (which includes the legalities of the different sciences and communities). They both contain normative prescriptions. But their differ in their subjects‘ source: while legal norms are the will’s expression of the normative authority, technical prescriptions can be derived from scientific laws, which are grounded over the commonly supposed objectivity of the scientific knowledge about reality. They both impose sanctions too, but in the legal norm they refer to what is established by the norm itself, while in the scientific legality they consist in the reward or the punishment derived from the efficacy or inefficacy to reach the end pursued by the action. The way of legitimation also differs: while legal norms have to have followed the formal procedures and must not have contravened any fundamental right, technical norms‘ validity depend on its theoretical foundations or on its efficacy. Nowadays, scientific knowledge has become and important feature in policy-making. Contradictions can arise between these legal systems. These conflicts are specially grave when the recognition or exercise of fundamental rights is instrumentally used, or when they are violated in order to increase the policies‘ efficacy. A political system is technocratic, when, in case of contradiction, the scientific law finally prevails

Otra vez sobre los conceptos de "Latinismo", "Cultismo", y "Semicultismo" a la luz de nuevos datos

El polimorfismo puede ayudar a la revisión de los conceptos tantas veces tratados como los de "cultismo" y "latinismo", ya que la mayoría de los textos encierran, en muchas ocasiones múltiples manifestaciones de esta variedad gráfica tan reveladora a la hora de establecer una definición tal vez más precisa estos términos. Para ello se examinan algunos ejemplos extraídos de parte de la documentación revisada. Este polimorfismo puede entenderse como una vacilación propia de aquellos que intentaban escribir los nuevos sonidos del romance con las grafías latinas, lo que provocó un caos ortográfico mayor que el que hubo antes de la distinción entre romance y latín. Hay muchos ejemplos de esta evolución fónica, la tesis de Roger Wright pone en duda el término “cultismo” y se analizan otros como latinismo o semicultismo,Polymorphism can help the revision of concepts so many times treated as "lexical cultism" and "latinism", since most of the texts contain, on multiple occasions manifestations of this graphic variety. This variety is very interesting to give a more precise definition of these terms. We have reviewed some examples drawn from part of the revised documentation. This polymorphism can be understood as a hesitation own by those trying to write the new sounds of the romance with the spellings Latinas. This resulted in a spell chaos more than what it was before the distinction between romance and Latin. There are many examples of this phonic evolution, the Roger Wright'thesis questioned the term "lexical cultism" and discusses other as latinism or semicultismo

Applying model-driven paradigm: CALIPSOneo experience

Model-Driven Engineering paradigm is being used by the research community in the last years, obtaining suitable results. However, there are few practical experiences in the enterprise field. This paper presents the use of this paradigm in an aeronautical PLM project named CALIPSOneo currently under development in Airbus. In this context, NDT methodology was adapted as methodology in order to be used by the development team. The paper presents this process and the results that we are getting from the project. Besides, some relevant learned lessons from the trenches are concluded.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TIN2010-20057-C03-02Junta de Andalucía TIC-578

Optical Transmittance Maximization in Superior Performance Tunnel Junctions for Very High Concentration Applications.

The light transmission through a tunnel junction in a multijunction solar cell depends on the optical properties and thickness of the whole solar cell layers stack, which configure the light absorption, reflection and interference processes taking place inside the semiconductor structure. In this paper the focus is put on the AlGaAs barrier layers of p++AlGaAs/n++GaAs and p++AlGaAs/n++GaInP tunnel junctions inserted into a GaInP/GaAs dualjunction solar cell. The aim is to analyze the effect of the thickness and Al-composition of these barrier layers on the light transmittance of the tunnel junction, using the bottom cell Jsc as the merit figure to appraise it. An intricate relation between this Jsc and the barrier layers parameters, caused by interferential reflectance, was observed. The importance of an appropriate optical design of the semiconductor structure was corroborated by a non-negligible gain in the bottom cell Jsc when choosing the appropriate barrier layers Al-compositions and thicknesses from a range of practical values for which the optical absorption is not the main contributor to the optical losses

The Covariant Phase Space of Gravity with Boundaries

This thesis investigates the metric and tetrad formulations of three gravitational field theories in manifolds with timelike boundaries within the covariant phase space program. With the recently developed relative bicomplex framework, we explore the space of solutions and presymplectic structures associated with each action principle and analyse their equivalence. The first action we consider is the Einstein-Hilbert (EH) action with the Gibbons- Hawking-York boundary term. By including the appropriate boundary terms in the variational principles, we show that the metric and tetrad formulations derived from them are equivalent. Furthermore, we show that their solution spaces are the same and that their presymplectic structures and associated charges coincide. The second action we consider is the Palatini action with the Obukhov boundary term, assuming torsion and non-metricity, and we prove the equivalence between its metric and tetrad formulations. Furthermore, we show that the metric and tetradsector of the first-order Palatini formulation are equivalent to the metric and tetrad formulations of the EH action. Lastly, we introduce the Hojman-Mukku-Sayed (HMS) action, a generalisation of the Palatini action plus the Holst term in the presence of boundaries with non-metricity and torsion. We prove that the space of solutions of the HMS and Palatini actions coincided and conclude that HMS’s metric and tetrad sectors are identical to their corresponding versions of the EH action. Additionally, we prove that the Palatini and HMS Lagrangians are not cohomologically equal despite defining the same space of solutions. Consequently, a careful analysis is required for the presymplectic structures and the charges because they may differ. However, we show that the covariant phase spaces of both theories were equivalent. This sheds light on some open problems regarding the equivalence of their associated charges in different formulations.Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Matemática por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: José Navarro Salas.- Secretario: Bogar Díaz Jiménez.- Vocal: Mercedes Martín Benit