Negroafricanas y mulatas: identidades ocultas en el Imperio Español

Afrohispanic community has been usually forgotten by historiography. In this article, we try to analyse the construction of identities in the heterogeneous group of women of Subsaharian origins that were part of the population of the Spanish Empire in early modern times. The analysis of productivity, of the cultural perception of colour and of the vital experience of Black women, mainly slaves, will offer us reference tools for the historicalanthropological debate, giving rise to reflection about perceptions of the “other”, in order to build a new memory, informed and respectful towards differences and minorities. We want to recover our hidden memory, the history of slavery in Spain.La comunidad afrohispana ha sido largamente obviada por la historiografía. En este artículo pretendemos analizar la construcción de las identidades en el heterogéneo grupo de mujeres de origen subsahariano que formaron parte de la población del Imperio Español en la Edad Moderna. El análisis de la productividad, de la percepción cultural del color y de las experiencias vitales de estas mujeres, principalmente esclavas, nos permitirá ofrecer útiles de referencia para el debate histórico-antropológico, suscitando reflexión sobre la percepción del “otro” con objeto de construir una nueva memoria informada y respetuosa con las diferencias y las minorías. Pretendemos así recuperar una parte de nuestra memoria oculta, la historia esclavista de España

The Queen’s House in the age of Isabel de Valois

Artículo de la sección: EstudiosEn la Edad Moderna, el amplio abanico de personas que servían a los personajes reales engrosaban lo que daba en denominarse como “la Casa”. En la Casa Real, y hasta el siglo XVIII, nos encontramos con dos instituciones paralelas: la Casa del Rey y la Casa de la Reina, poco estudiadas hasta la fecha. El análisis de la Casa de Isabel de Valois (1546-1568), así como de otros aspectos de la vida en la Corte (como la etiqueta real), permite vislumbrar el papel que jugaron los grupos sociales que rodearon a las reinas, así como la interrelación entre éstas y sus criados y criadas. La profundización en el estudio del ceremonial y etiqueta en la Casa Real española, así como en los antecedentes, institucionalización y composición de la Casa de la Reina, revela la importancia que esta organización tiene en el ámbito de la monarquía moderna, y específicamente en el control de los roles políticos y simbólicos de las soberanas españolas.In Early Modem Spain, the wide number of people who served to the royal persons were part of “the Royal House”. In the Royal House, we find two parallel institutions till the XVIIIth century: the King’s house and the Queen’s house. Both of them have not been studied sufficiently till the present moment. Through the analysis of the house of Isabel de Valois (1546-1568), together with other aspects of life in the Spanish court (as the royal etiquette), we can see the role that play social groups near the Queen; as well as the kind of relationship between the Queen and her servants. Making a profound study of Spanish Royal House’s ceremonial and etiquette, and the bakground and organization of Queen’s house, we are able to see the significance of this institution for the monarchy in the modem times, and as a way of control of the political and symbolic roles of Spanish queens.Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granad

The widow queen or the death of the symbolic body

Artículo del Dossier: Sobrevivir al conyuge: viudas y viudedad en la España Moderna.En la Edad Moderna, la figura de la reina se construyó en función de un ideal de mujer, esposa y madre del rey. En consecuencia, ser reina viuda suponía un drama: morían como reinas pero no como mujeres; esta situación se veía acentuada en el caso de las reinas sin descendencia con la que perpetuar la dinastía. En este artículo se analiza esta problemática a través de los discursos de panegiristas y moralistas, en la encrucijada de 1700, época en la que convivieron varias reinas. Dos fueron reinas viudas sin hijos (Mariana de Neoburgo y Luisa Isabel de Orléans) y dos viudas con hijos (Mariana de Austria e Isabel de Farnesio). Dichos relatos nos transmiten cómo se construyó por los hombres un ideal y una imagen, con la pretensión de propagar representaciones ejemplarizantes para el resto de mujeres de la élite, para el pueblo y para las reinas venideras.In the early modern age the queen’s figure was constructed on an ideal base of women as, wife and mother of the king. Accordingly, to be a widow queen would be faced as a drama: these women would die like queens but would still live as women; this situation would be marked in case of queens with no lineage to perpetuate the dynasty. This article faces the analysis of this problem across discourse of panegyrists and the moralists, on the crossroads of 1700, age where various queens coexisted. Two of these queens were widows without children (Marianne of Neoburg and Louise Elisabeth d’Orléans) and two other queen widows with descendants (Marianne of Austria and Elisabeth Farnese). These accounts tell how men built an ideal and an image, with the intention of spreading a representation model for the rest of the elite women, the rest of the common people and for the queens to come.Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granad

The Queen’s House in the age of Isabel de Valois

En la Edad Moderna, el amplio abanico de personas que servían a los personajes reales engrosaban lo que daba en denominarse como “la Casa”. En la Casa Real, y hasta el siglo XVIII, nos encontramos con dos instituciones paralelas: la Casa del Rey y la Casa de la Reina, poco estudiadas hasta la fecha. El análisis de la Casa de Isabel de Valois (1546-1568), así como de otros aspectos de la vida en la Corte (como la etiqueta real), permite vislumbrar el papel que jugaron los grupos sociales que rodearon a las reinas, así como la interrelación entre éstas y sus criados y criadas. La profundización en el estudio del ceremonial y etiqueta en la Casa Real española, así como en los antecedentes, institucionalización y composición de la Casa de la Reina, revela la importancia que esta organización tiene en el ámbito de la monarquía moderna, y específicamente en el control de los roles políticos y simbólicos de las soberanas españolas.In Early Modem Spain, the wide number of people who served to the royal persons were part of “the Royal House”. In the Royal House, we find two parallel institutions till the XVIIIth century: the King’s house and the Queen’s house. Both of them have not been studied sufficiently till the present moment. Through the analysis of the house of Isabel de Valois (1546-1568), together with other aspects of life in the Spanish court (as the royal etiquette), we can see the role that play social groups near the Queen; as well as the kind of relationship between the Queen and her servants. Making a profound study of Spanish Royal House’s ceremonial and etiquette, and the bakground and organization of Queen’s house, we are able to see the significance of this institution for the monarchy in the modem times, and as a way of control of the political and symbolic roles of Spanish queens

Attitudes des morisques et des chrétiens du royaume de Grenade face à l’esclavage

Morisques et chrétiens eurent une même attitude vis-à-vis du phénomène esclavagiste, puisqu’ils partagèrent les mêmes postulats de l’âge Moderne sur l’esclavage, et qu’aussi bien les uns que les autres furent propriétaires d’esclaves. à travers la documentation conservée sur le royaume de Grenade, on peut observer que les morisques possédèrent essentiellement des esclaves noirs-africains ; et, dans certains cas, allèrent jusqu’à prendre part et profiter de la mise en esclavage de leurs propres coreligionnaires après la révolte des Alpujarras (1568-1571). Nous analyserons dans cet article comment la détérioration progressive de la situation des néo-convertis tout au long du xvie siècle, due aux restrictions et interdictions successives auxquelles ils se virent soumis, évolua parallèlement à leur attitude vis-à-vis de l’esclavage, surtout au moment où ils passèrent du rôle de bourreaux à celui de victimes du processus esclavagiste. Nous verrons également comment ce processus eut fondamentalement un impact sur la masse populaire morisque, puisque les élites trouvèrent le moyen de se procurer des licences royales leur permettant de maintenir leurs privilèges, comme celle les autorisant à la possession d’esclaves.Moriscos and Christians had a similar attitude towards slavery in Early Modern Times since they shared the cultural representations and social stratified values of the time regarding the enslavement of “the other”, therefore both communities owned slaves in 16th century Spain. Historical sources concerning the Kingdom of Granada confirm that Moriscos owned mainly Black African slaves and, in certain cases, they were even masters of North African Arabs and other Moriscos that had been captivated during the Alpujarras revolt (1568-1571). In this article, we will analyze how the progressive decline of this newly converted community goes along with their attitude towards slavery, especially when Moriscos moved from being slave proprietors to become enslaved victims. We will study particularly how this process affected the common Moorish population since noblemen with Arabic ancestors found their way to keep their slaves through royal privileges and special licences provided by the King of Spain

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs