MPHM: Model poisoning attacks on federal learning using historical information momentum

Federated learning(FL) development has grown increasingly strong with the increased emphasis on data for individuals and industry. Federated learning allows individual participants to jointly train a global model without sharing local data, which significantly enhances data privacy. However, federated learning is vulnerable to poisoning attacks by malicious participants. Since federated learning does not have access to the participants’ training process, i.e., attackers can compromise the global model by uploading elaborate malicious local updates to the server under the guise of normal participants. Current model poisoning attacks usually add small perturbations to the local model after it is trained to craft harmful local updates and the attacker finds the appropriate perturbation size to bypass robust detection methods and corrupt the global model as much as possible. In contrast, we propose a novel model poisoning attack based on the momentum of history information (MPHM), that is, the attacker makes new malicious updates by dynamically crafting perturbations using the historical information in the local training, which will make the new malicious updates more effective and stealthy. Our attack aims to indiscriminately reduce the testing accuracy of the global model with minimal information. Experiments show that in the classical defense case, our attack can significantly corrupt the accuracy of the global model compared to other advanced poisoning attacks

Study on Improving the Air Quality with Emission Enhanced Control Measures in Beijing during a National Parade Event

Research on the enhanced control and emission-reduction measures to improve air quality during major events could provide data theory and scientific support for air-quality improvement during non-activities. Based on the air-quality data published by the China Environmental Monitoring Station and the meteorological elements and weather conditions released by the China Meteorological Administration, this paper explored the characteristics of air-quality evolution in Beijing from 5 August to 18 September 2015 and the weather situation during the Military Parade. The results showed that: (1) Emission-reduction measures implemented for air quality by Beijing and its surrounding area were induced, and we explored the contribution of these measures to pollutants or AQI in the locality. (2) During the 2015 Military Parade, Beijing was in the front or lower part of the high-pressure system. Due to the strong effect of North or Northeast winds, the weather situation was conducive to the diffusion of pollutants. When before or after the implementation, once the atmospheric diffusion was poor, the pollutants would accumulate gradually. Thus, it can be seen that the weather situation had a great impact on air quality. (3) During the implementation, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and other pollutants decreased significantly, of which the concentration of PM10 decreased the most, from 109 μg·m−3 down to 34 μg·m−3, and the concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 72.73%. According to the changes between before and during the implementation or during and after the implementation, the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 increased when the implementation of the emission-reduction measures had been finished, indicating that the enhanced control measures made a great contribution to the emission reduction in particles. (4) In addition, the annual average of AQI in the three years is 87.49, and the average value of a normal year was the average value of 2013 and 2014. The average value of the normal year during the military parade is 64.63, which was 70.40% lower than the average value of AQI during the military parade. The goal of reaching the secondary standard of GB-3095-2012 was achieved, and there was still a long way to go from the primary standard. In a few words, in order to achieve the goal of better air quality throughout the year, all parties still needed to coordinate control and make joint efforts

Combined Periodontal-Orthodontic Treatment with Periodontal Corticotomy Regenerative Surgery in an Adult Patient Suffering from Periodontitis and Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: A Case Report with 5-Year Longitudinal Observation

A thick periodontal phenotype with thick gingiva and alveolar bone volume is required for safe orthodontic tooth movement and long-term stability. A high incidence of dehiscence and fenestration in the labial aspect of mandibular anterior teeth may limit the correction of deformity and orthodontic treatment, especially when the lower anterior teeth are needed to have a large range of movement. This study reports a combination of periodontal therapy and orthodontic therapy with periodontal corticotomy regenerative surgery (PCRS) in a 25-year-old patient suffering from skeletal Class II malocclusion and periodontitis. The patient received periodontal therapy 5 years ago and commenced orthodontic treatment 4.5 years ago. During the 4 years of follow-up for PCRS, the clinical and radiographic evaluations revealed significant improvements in the periodontal phenotype of the mandibular anterior region. The periodontal phenotypes in the mandibular incisors region were all modified from thin to thick. Supplementing orthodontic treatment with labial PCRS could be a promising treatment strategy to maintain long-term periodontal health in adult patients with alveolar deficiency and thin gingiva tissue

Energy efficiency measurement of Chinese Yangtze River Delta’s cities transportation: a DEA window analysis approach

International audienceIn this paper, the transportation energy efficiency of Yangtze River Delta’s 15 cities is studied in the period from 2009 to 2013. To measure transportation’s dynamic performance, the window analysis of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the efficiency in cross-sectional and time-varying data. Capital inputs and labor inputs are selected as the two non-energy inputs, energy consumption as the energy input, passenger volume and freight volume are selected as the two desirable outputs, and carbon dioxide is chosen as the undesirable output. The empirical study shows that Shanghai had the highest transportation energy efficiency, followed by Zhejiang province, and the average efficiency of Jiangsu province was the worst. A regression analysis on the efficiency values and their three influencing factors was carried out. The results show that per capita gross domestic product and the per capita area of paved roads in a city negatively influenced the efficiency values, while the number of public transportation vehicles per 10,000 persons positively influenced the transportation efficiency values. Lastly, some policy recommendations, conclusions, and suggestions for further research are given

Study on Improving the Air Quality with Emission Enhanced Control Measures in Beijing during a National Parade Event

Research on the enhanced control and emission-reduction measures to improve air quality during major events could provide data theory and scientific support for air-quality improvement during non-activities. Based on the air-quality data published by the China Environmental Monitoring Station and the meteorological elements and weather conditions released by the China Meteorological Administration, this paper explored the characteristics of air-quality evolution in Beijing from 5 August to 18 September 2015 and the weather situation during the Military Parade. The results showed that: (1) Emission-reduction measures implemented for air quality by Beijing and its surrounding area were induced, and we explored the contribution of these measures to pollutants or AQI in the locality. (2) During the 2015 Military Parade, Beijing was in the front or lower part of the high-pressure system. Due to the strong effect of North or Northeast winds, the weather situation was conducive to the diffusion of pollutants. When before or after the implementation, once the atmospheric diffusion was poor, the pollutants would accumulate gradually. Thus, it can be seen that the weather situation had a great impact on air quality. (3) During the implementation, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and other pollutants decreased significantly, of which the concentration of PM10 decreased the most, from 109 μg·m−3 down to 34 μg·m−3, and the concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 72.73%. According to the changes between before and during the implementation or during and after the implementation, the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 increased when the implementation of the emission-reduction measures had been finished, indicating that the enhanced control measures made a great contribution to the emission reduction in particles. (4) In addition, the annual average of AQI in the three years is 87.49, and the average value of a normal year was the average value of 2013 and 2014. The average value of the normal year during the military parade is 64.63, which was 70.40% lower than the average value of AQI during the military parade. The goal of reaching the secondary standard of GB-3095-2012 was achieved, and there was still a long way to go from the primary standard. In a few words, in order to achieve the goal of better air quality throughout the year, all parties still needed to coordinate control and make joint efforts

Prediction of response to pegylated-interferon-α and ribavirin therapy in Chinese patients infected with different hepatitis C virus genotype

Abstract Background The standard treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) does not provide a sustained virological response (SVR) in all patients. Genetic variations at the interleukin 28B (IL-28B) locus are important in predicting outcome following therapy in CHC patients. Results We investigated the role of IL28B variations (rs8099917) in response to PEG-IFN-α/RBV treatment and evaluated its association with the risk of the null virological response (NVR) and relapse (REL) in different viral genotypes. We found that the overall distributions of the genotype among the SVR, NVR, and REL groups were significantly different (P Conclusion This study suggests that host genetic polymorphisms rs8099917 in the vicinity of IL-28B is the most important predictor of treatment response of PEG-IFN-α/RBV for HCV patients in China.</p

The Effect of Ultrasound, Oxygen and Sunlight on the Stability of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate

(&minus;)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), is the main catechin found in green tea, and has several beneficial effects. This study investigated the stability of EGCG aqueous solution under different stored and ultrasonic conditions to determine whether it can be used with an ultrasonic dental scaler to treat periodontal infection. Four concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 2 mg/mL) of EGCG aqueous solution were prepared and stored under four different conditions (A: Exposed to neither sunlight nor air, B: Exposed to sunlight, but not air, C: Not exposed to sunlight, but air, D: Exposed to sunlight and air) for two days. The degradation rate of EGCG was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On the other hand, an ultrasonic dental scaler was used to atomize the EGCG solution under four different conditions (a: Exposed to neither air nor sunlight, b: Not exposed to air, but sunlight, c: Not exposed to sunlight, but air, d: Exposed to air and sunlight), the degradation of EGCG was measured by HPLC. We found that the stability of EGCG was concentration-dependent in water at room temperature. Both sunlight and oxygen influenced the stability of EGCG, and oxygen had a more pronounced effect on stability of EGCG than sunlight. The most important conclusion was that the ultrasound may accelerate the degradation of EGCG due to the presence of oxygen and sunlight, but not because of the ultrasonic vibration. Thus, EGCG aqueous solution has the potential to be used through an ultrasonic dental scaler to treat periodontal infection in the future