Spatial integration: A space syntax analysis of the villages of the Homol'ovi Cluster

Space Syntax theory (Hillier 1996; Hillier and Hanson 1984) postulates that the configurations of space in the built environment can reflect social meaning in the ways that individual spaces can be seen to be integrated or segregated from each other. This research develops an analytical methodology based upon space syntax theory to examine the transition of Pueblo IV Period settlement forms in the Homol'ovi Cluster. Analysis of the villages of the Homol'ovi cluster utilizing space syntax methodology illustrates how the local development of the plaza-oriented pueblo form results in the intensification of spatial integration for residents of the village, while at the same time, decreasing the spatial integration of village spaces for non-residents. If the concept of spatial integration is a suitable proxy measure for the ways that spatial configuration is linked to expressions of social integration by Hillier and his colleagues (1989) and by Peponis and his colleagues (1990) then these findings tend to confirm normative views of Puebloan spatial systems, particularly that plaza and kiva spaces function as socially integrative devices. Implications of this finding and suggestions for further research are explored to highlight the potential applications of spatial integration analysis

DUNE Phase II: Scientific Opportunities, Detector Concepts, Technological Solutions

The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos