The Effect of Education on the Timing of Marriage and First Conception in Pakistan.

It is often argued that a rapid rise in educational attainment of women, an increase in the age at marriage and an increase in the age at first birth are key features of demographic transition in any country. Education is the prime catalyst in this process because increases in educational attainment are likely to significantly affect both age at marriage and the duration to first conception-in particular increasing both the age at marriage and the time to first child. This paper uses individual level unit record data from Pakistan to examine the effect of education on the age at marriage and on the duration between marriage and first conception. We estimate a structural model, which accounts for the interaction between the three main variables of interest. Our estimation results show that women who have more education delay marriage but increased educational attainment does not have a significant effect on the duration to first conception. Women who marry late have a child faster. Education of the husband significantly affects the time to conception.EDUCATION ; MARRIAGE ; FERTILITY

Cancer in women in Kerala - a transition from a less-developed state

An epidemiologic assessment of the problem of cancer in women in Kerala based on 3 Population Cancer Registry data and a Hospital Based data is presented. Kerala's Socio-economic and demography presents an intermediate development from a less developed to a better-developed state. As yet, the women follow a tradition-based life style. Cancer incidence rate in Kerala was only 80% of urban rates than seen in Urban Metropolis in India. The pattern of site distribution has shown that GI, Breast & Cervix cancers are the predominant cancers. Oral cavity cancers also show a high frequency. Thyroid cancer has a higher incidence rate in Kerala compared to other areas. Lung cancer among women has higher incidence rate in Karunagappally women. A high prevalence of tobacco use is reported among the men in the above area. Breast cancer incidence rate in the rural areas was only 60% of the rate seen in Urban Trivandrum. Unlike in other rural and urban areas of India Cervix cancer has a low incidence rate in Kerala women. This may be due to better education and also due to the changes in marital and other life style practices. Only 15% of cancer patients attend for medical assistance in localized stage of disease. The need for public education is highlighted and focusing on tobacco use control, self-examination and screening

Environmental and Waste Management in Iron and Steel Industry

The Indian Iron and Steel scenario has changed considerably after the announcement of Government Policy on de-control and liberalization. Several new entrepreneurs have entered the steel industry. It is heartening to see that the steel industry is set to carve a niche for itself in the domestic and foreign market. The rapid progress of steel industry has aggravated environmental and waste management problems. This has led to increasing pressure from Government and the public to speed up action plan for effective industrial waste management. The waste management in steel industry is an emerging complex issue and can be implemented after regulating through monitoring, analysis, legalization , addition of infra-structural facilities for enforcement, waste auditing , change of process technology etc. The paper reviews current knowledge of waste management in Indian Steel Industry, approaches to environmental improvement and examines various options to environmental management plan keeping in view of the importance of sustainable endurance of environment and other natural resources

Environmental and waste management in iron and steel industry

The Indian Iron and Steel scenario has changed considerably after the announcement of Government Policy on de-control and liberalization. Several new entrepreneurs have entered the steel industry. It is heartening to see that the steel industry is set to carve a niche for itself in the domestic and foreign market. The rapid progress of steel industry has aggravated environmental and waste management problems. This has led to increasing pressurefrom Government and the public to speed up action plan for effective industrial waste management. The waste management in steel industry is an emerging complex issue and can be implemented after regulating through monitoring, analysis, legalization, addition of infra-structural facilities for enforcement, waste auditing, change of process technology etc. The paper reviews current knowledge of waste management in Indian Steel Industry, approaches to environmental improvement and examines various options to environmental man-agement plan keeping in view of the importance of sustainable endurance of environment and other natural resources

Role of CA 125 in predicting pathological response and recurrence in advanced stage non mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer

Background: Ovarian cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy. Neo adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by interval cytoreduction is proven to be non-inferior to primary debulking surgery in advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). The data about patterns of reduction of CA125, its cut off value to predict chemotherapy response and recurrence in patients who receive NAC is heterogeneous with varying cut offs. This study aims to evaluate the role of CA125 as a predictive marker of pathological response and recurrence in cases of advanced EOC and to determine cut off for the same.Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in department of medical oncology, from December 2019 to May 2021. Patients of advanced stage EOC who are on NAC with carboplatin and paclitaxel combination were included (n=33). CA125 values before treatment, after each cycle of chemotherapy, post-surgery, during the course of adjuvant chemotherapy and every 2 months post treatment were noted. As the patient undergoes interval cytoreduction, histopathology reports were followed for chemotherapy response score (CRS). Imaging was done to detect recurrence during follow up, if CA 125 value increases.Results: The level of CA125 after third cycle of NAC showed significant correlation with chemotherapy response score and DFS in all the patients who were operable at the end of NAC. Patients with normal CA125 value (i.e. <35 U/ml) post 3 cycles chemotherapy had increased chance of having CRS 3 and longer DFS in patients with high grade serous carcinoma. Decline in CA125 value to less than 10 IU/ml post interval cytoreduction also correlates with DFS.Conclusions: Our study shows that CA125 levels before cytoreductive surgery predicts CRS and DFS of women undergoing NAC for advanced stage EOC

Microwave Radiation Hazards

Excessive exposure to microwave radiation could lead to biological damage. The criteria for maximum permissible exposure limits derived from experiments by several countries are discussed. Recommendations made for safety of operating personnel based on a recent protection survey are also presented

A COMPARISON OF LEUPROLIDE ACETATE VERSUS BILATERAL ORCHIECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTObjective: Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy and leading cause of cancer‑related death in men. Androgen deprivation therapyis the established treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and has different approaches in the reduction of androgen activity including surgicalcastration (bilateral orchiectomy) and medical castration (luteinizing hormone‑releasing hormone agonists/antagonists). Our purpose was to studythe clinical profile, effectiveness, and outcome of South Indian patients with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing treatment with surgical andmedical castration.Methods: A total of 30 surgical and 30 medical castration patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer between (2008 and 2009) were followedup to 5 years. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at the time of the first diagnosis, post‑treatment nadir PSA levels, time to nadir PSA, timeto hormonal resistance between the study groups were assessed, retrospectively. The Kaplan–Meier method was used with log‑rank test for survivalrate calculations. Gleason score, PSA levels, skeletal‑related events, and sites of metastasis of the study groups were studied.Result: The average survival time after medical castration was 60 months and 42 months for surgical castration. No significant difference could beestablished between the groups. Bone was the most common site of metastasis and radiation was the major skeletal‑related events in medical groups.Conclusion: There were no statistical differences between the groups in terms of treatment modalities in metastatic prostate cancer.Keywords: ??

Parton Distributions at Hadronization from Bulk Dense Matter Produced at RHIC

We present an analysis of $\Omega$, $\Xi$, $\Lambda$ and $\phi$ spectra from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV in terms of distributions of effective constituent quarks at hadronization. Consistency in quark ratios derived from various hadron spectra provides clear evidence for hadron formation dynamics as suggested by quark coalescence or recombination models. We argue that the constituent quark distribution reflects properties of the effective partonic degrees of freedom at hadronization. Experimental data indicate that strange quarks have a transverse momentum distribution flatter than that of up/down quarks consistent with hydrodynamic expansion in partonic phase prior to hadronization. After the AMPT model is tuned to reproduce the strange and up/down quark distributions, the model can describe the measured spectra of hyperons and $\phi$ mesons very well where hadrons are formed through dynamical coalescence.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, two more paragraph added to address the referee's comment, figure updated to include the KET scale. Accepted version to appear in Phys. Rev.