Analysis of reasons for cost and time overrun in Indian megaprojects

Megaprojects are becoming increasingly common in developing countries. In India, the need for and trend of rapid infrastructure development has resulted in design and implementation of projects of large scope and size, in terms of complexity and costs. As a result, megaprojects are being implemented in almost all infrastructure sectors in the country. The implementation of a megaproject attracts a lot of attention among the policy makers and researchers owing to their enormous economic, social and environmental impacts. The performance of megaprojects in terms of two key parameters – cost and time - is closely monitored by the Government of India, and this has resulted in the publication a set of reports to disclose information on project progress. Althoughquantitative analyses of the information available in these reports have been performed by the researchers, very few qualitative analysis reports are available. In this context, a qualitative research study has been undertaken in this work, to analyse the reasons for time and cost overrun in megaprojects. The analysis furthers the knowledge on megaprojects implementation by providing inference on not only key reasons for time and cost overruns but also factors and trajectories leading to the manifestation of a particular cause. The analysis indicates that delay in land acquisition, capability of contractors and contractual complexity were the major causes of time and cost overruns and these issues traverse through different layers – policy, institutional and project associated with megaprojects. The study findings are useful to policy makers to design interventions at these three layers for addressing the cause of time and cost overruns, and ensuring effective implementation of megaprojects

Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Aqueous Soluble Atorvastatin: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies

The objective of this investigation was to improve the solubility of the poorly water soluble drug atorvastatin (ATR), using solid dispersion (SD) techniques, with Neem Gum (NG) as a hydrophilic carrier. The effects of the polymer concentration and method of preparation on the solubility and dissolution rate were studied. The results showed that the solubility of ATR increases with increasing NG concentration. However, dissolution rate of ATR from its SD was dependent on the method used to prepare SD. An in vitro drug release study revealed that the solvent evaporation technique is a more convenient and effective method of preparing SD than kneading method. The SD was characterized using DSC, SEM, and XRD study. An in vivo study was performed in which the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibition activity was measured. A significant reduction in HMG CoA reductase activity was observed with SD of ATR compared with the plain drug. An ex vivo absorption study was carried out using modified apparatus developed in our laboratory. The in vitro drug release and in vivo and ex vivo studies clearly demonstrated the potential of hydrophilic NG in enhancing the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of ATR

Social media for improving metro rail project operations

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Integral Design & Managemen