How White Was the Wash?: Bloody Sunday, 1972, and Memory in the Creation of the Widgery Report

“How White was the Wash?: Bloody Sunday, 1972, and Memory Creation in the Widgery Report” focuses on the memory of Bloody Sunday, 1972, in which British soldiers killed thirteen Catholic Northern Irish civilians during a civil rights march, and the ensuing struggle over memory of that event. Recent scholars have dismissed the official memory of that event, the Widgery Report, as hegemonic, but this article argues that to do so ignore sthe greater complexity of Widgery\u27s task in chairing the tribunal that decided on the report. By focusing on a number of the less-commonly analyzed parts of the Bloody Sunday memory, including the multi-faceted nature of the already existing memories, it illustrates Widgery’s motives of mediation rather than suppression, as well as his limited power in controlling the vernacular memory that would ultimately preside. This article analyzes the Widgery Report\u27s memory of Bloody Sunday, 1972, as well as the context in which it was written, to argue that the intent of the report was much more complex than simple hegemony, but rather to mediate between the Army and Catholic versions of the memory for a more acceptable official memory that would bring some peace

[Portrait of a Married Danish Couple]

Black and white photograph of a husband and a wife, Ole Nielsen and Sidst Marie Nielsdatter. They are posed for a professional photograph and are wearing formal attire. Ole is sitting in an embellished chair; his arm is resting on the arm of the chair. Sidst is standing to his right, with her arm behind him

How White Was the Wash?: Bloody Sunday, 1972, and Memory in the Creation of the Widgery Report

“How White was the Wash?: Bloody Sunday, 1972, and Memory Creation in the Widgery Report” focuses on the memory of Bloody Sunday, 1972, in which British soldiers killed thirteen Catholic Northern Irish civilians during a civil rights march, and the ensuing struggle over memory of that event. Recent scholars have dismissed the official memory of that event, the Widgery Report, as hegemonic, but this article argues that to do so ignore sthe greater complexity of Widgery's task in chairing the tribunal that decided on the report. By focusing on a number of the less-commonly analyzed parts of the Bloody Sunday memory, including the multi-faceted nature of the already existing memories, it illustrates Widgery’s motives of mediation rather than suppression, as well as his limited power in controlling the vernacular memory that would ultimately preside. This article analyzes the Widgery Report's memory of Bloody Sunday, 1972, as well as the context in which it was written, to argue that the intent of the report was much more complex than simple hegemony, but rather to mediate between the Army and Catholic versions of the memory for a more acceptable official memory that would bring some peace

Performance of conventional pigs and Göttingen miniature pigs in a spatial holeboard task: effects of the putative muscarinic cognition impairer Biperiden

BACKGROUND: The pig is emerging as a model species that bridges the gap between rodents and humans in research. In particular, the miniature pig (referred to hereafter as the minipig) is increasingly being used as non-rodent species in pharmacological and toxicological studies. However, there is as yet a lack of validated behavioral tests for pigs, although there is evidence that the spatial holeboard task can be used to assess the working and reference memory of pigs. In the present study, we compared the learning performance of commercial pigs and Göttingen minipigs in a holeboard task. METHODS: Biperiden, a muscarinic M1 receptor blocker, is used to induce impairments in cognitive function in animal research. The two groups of pigs were treated orally with increasing doses of biperiden (0.05 – 20 mg.kg(-1)) after they had reached asymptotic performance in the holeboard task. RESULTS: Both the conventional pigs and the Göttingen minipigs learned the holeboard task, reaching nearly errorless asymptotic working and reference memory performance within approximately 100 acquisition trials. Biperiden treatment affected reference, but not working, memory, increasing trial duration and the latency to first hole visit at doses ≥ 5 mg.kg(-1). CONCLUSION: Both pig breeds learned the holeboard task and had a comparable performance. Biperiden had only a minor effect on holeboard performance overall, and mainly on reference memory performance. The effectiveness needs to be evaluated further before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the ability of this potential cognition impairer in pigs

Performance of conventional pigs and Göttingen miniature pigs in a spatial holeboard task: effects of the putative muscarinic cognition impairer Biperiden

Abstract Background The pig is emerging as a model species that bridges the gap between rodents and humans in research. In particular, the miniature pig (referred to hereafter as the minipig) is increasingly being used as non-rodent species in pharmacological and toxicological studies. However, there is as yet a lack of validated behavioral tests for pigs, although there is evidence that the spatial holeboard task can be used to assess the working and reference memory of pigs. In the present study, we compared the learning performance of commercial pigs and Göttingen minipigs in a holeboard task. Methods Biperiden, a muscarinic M1 receptor blocker, is used to induce impairments in cognitive function in animal research. The two groups of pigs were treated orally with increasing doses of biperiden (0.05 – 20 mg.kg-1) after they had reached asymptotic performance in the holeboard task. Results Both the conventional pigs and the Göttingen minipigs learned the holeboard task, reaching nearly errorless asymptotic working and reference memory performance within approximately 100 acquisition trials. Biperiden treatment affected reference, but not working, memory, increasing trial duration and the latency to first hole visit at doses ≥ 5 mg.kg-1. Conclusion Both pig breeds learned the holeboard task and had a comparable performance. Biperiden had only a minor effect on holeboard performance overall, and mainly on reference memory performance. The effectiveness needs to be evaluated further before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the ability of this potential cognition impairer in pigs.</p

The Göttingen minipig® as an alternative non-rodent species for immunogenicity testing: A demonstrator study using the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra

The use of recombinant human proteins for the treatment of several diseases has increased considerably during the last decades. A major safety and efficacy issue of biopharmaceuticals is their potential immunogenicity. To prevent immunogenicity, biotechnology-derived proteins are engineered to be as human-like as possible. Immunogenicity is mainly determined in non-human primates (NHP), as they are considered to be the best predictive animal species for human safety, based on their close relatedness to man. As minipigs are increasingly used in the safety evaluation of (bio)pharmaceuticals, the predictive value of the minipig in immunogenicity testing was evaluated in this study, using anakinra as a model compound. Animals were treated subcutaneously with either placebo, low-(0.5mg/kg), or high-dose (5mg/kg) anakinra daily on 29 consecutive days. After the first and last dose, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of anakinra was evaluated. Antibodies directed to anakinra were measured on several time points during the treatment period. Furthermore, hematology, clinical chemistry, body weight, clinical signs, and histopathology of several organs were evaluated. No signs of toxicity were observed upon treatment with anakinra. PK parameters were comparable with those found in human and NHP studies performed with anakinra. All animals developed anti-anakinra antibodies. The results obtained in minipigs were comparable to those observed in monkeys. For anakinra, the predictive value of the minipig for immunogenicity testing was found to be comparable to that seen in NHP. However, more studies evaluating additional biopharmaceutical products are needed to support the use of the minipig as an alternative model for (immuno)toxicity testing, including immunogenicity. © 2013 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc