Evaluation of thermal comfort and building form attributes in different semi-outdoor environments in a high-density tropical setting

In highly dense tropical cities, a semi-outdoor space (SOS) is frequently used as a social space within tall building forms where people can interact and connect. Thermal comfort in SOSs within tall buildings, however, may vary depending on the type and form attributes that define it. This study classifies 63 SOSs in four tall buildings of Singapore into five types based on literature review: perimeter buffers, sky terraces, horizontal breezeways, breezeway atria and vertical breezeways. Findings suggest that the five SOS types perform differently in terms of thermal comfort (based on PMV*), environmental parameters (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity), and building form attributes (height-to-depth ratio, open space ratio, and green plot ratio). Of these five, vertical breezeways and horizontal breezeways are the most thermally comfortable for all activities during a typically warm hour. It is postulated that higher thermal comfort levels in these SOS types are linked to form attributes that enhance air velocity. This study examines the pros and cons of each SOS type in terms of thermal comfort in their role as communal spaces in tall buildings situated within a highly dense tropical city

Passive cooling design strategies as adaptation measures for lowering the indoor overheating risk in tropical climates

Year-round high temperatures and humidity in the Tropics, coupled with poor design decisions and climate change, can cause indoor environments to overheat, affecting health and increasing energy demand and carbon emissions. Passive cooling could help lower the indoor overheating risk. Given the gap in the relative influence of passive cooling design strategies on lowering the indoor overheating risk in tropical locations, this study investigated their impact in two warm tropical cities (i.e., Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula), considering both current and future climate scenarios, with a total of 3840 thermal simulations performed. Indoor overheating risk in apartment-type dwellings was assessed using two metrics (i.e., hours of exceedance and the indoor overheating degree), and considering fixed and adaptive thermal comfort limits. Simulation results show that the overheating risk can be significantly lowered in these tropical contexts using solely passive cooling strategies as heat adaptation measures. Multivariate regression models demonstrate that natural ventilation, wall absorptance, the solar heat gain coefficient, and semi-outdoor spaces have the greatest impact in lowering the risk in vertical social housing projects. This study emphasizes the importance of passive cooling and overheating protection design strategies in tropical building codes and building design while considering current and future risk

Evaluation of enzymatic extract with lipase activity of yarrowia lipolytica. an application of data mining for the food industry wastewater treatment

The object of this research was to obtain the Crude Enzymatic Extract (CEE) of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773, in the medium of 30% Water of Sales (SW) applying a biologically treatment to three different concentrations yeast inoculum food wastewater, collected from cheese and whey production. It was evaluated the behavior of the inoculum in a suitable medium that stimulates lipids biodegradation. The standard liquid-liquid partition method SM 5520 B was used to quantify fat and oil removal for each concentration of yeast, before treatment and post treatment. The Industrial Fat effluent was characterized by physical chemical patterns, and two treatments were evaluated; Treatment 1 consisted of pH 5.0 and treatment 2 with a pH of 6.5, both with the following characteristics; Concentration of inoculum 8% 12% and 16% at 27Â °C temperature and evaluation time 32Â h. The best results (2.702Â mg/L fat and 83% degradation oil) were found to be pH 5.0, 16% concentration and 27Â °C, BOD5, and COD decreased by 43.07% and 44.35%, respectively during the 32Â h; For pH 6.5, 8% concentration at 32Â h and at room temperature, degraded 2.177Â mg/L fat and oil (67% degradation); The BOD5, and COD decreased by 37.93% and 39.19%, in the same time span. The treatment at pH 5.0 inoculum concentration of 16% was effective in removing 83% of the volume of fats and oil in the effluent, representing a useful tool for the wastewater treatment

Hβ Stark broadening in cold plasmas with low electron densities calibrated with Thomson scattering

In the present work Stark broadening measurements have been carried out on low electron density (neb5·1019 m-3) and (relatively) low gas temperature (Tgb1100 K) argon–hydrogen plasma, under low-intermediate pressure conditions (3 mbar–40 mbar). A line fitting procedure is used to separate the effects of the different broadening mechanisms (e.g. Doppler and instrumental broadening) from the Stark broadening. A Stark broadening theory is extrapolated to lower electron density values, below its theoretical validity regime. Thomson scattering measurements are used to calibrate and validate the procedure. The results show in agreement within 20%, what validates the use of this Stark broadening method under such lowdensity conditions. It is also found that Stark broadened profiles cannot be assumed to be purely Lorentzian. Such an assumption would lead to an underestimation of the electron density. This implies that independent information on the gas temperature is needed to find the correct values of ne

The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability: systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

Cryptic species have been detected across Metazoa, and while no apparent morphological features distinguish them, it should not impede taxonomists from formal descriptions. We accepted this challenge for the jellyfish genus Aurelia, which has a long and confusing taxonomic history. We demonstrate that morphological variability in Aurelia medusae overlaps across very distant geographic localities. Even though some morphological features seem responsible for most of the variation, regional geographic patterns of dissimilarities are lacking. This is further emphasized by morphological differences found when comparing lab-cultured Aurelia coerulea medusae with the diagnostic features in its recent redescription. Previous studies have also highlighted the difficulties in distinguishing Aurelia polyps and ephyrae, and their morphological plasticity. Therefore, mostly based on genetic data, we recognize 28 species of Aurelia, of which seven were already described, 10 are formally described herein, four are resurrected and seven remain undescribed. We present diagnostic genetic characters for all species and designate type materials for newly described and some resurrected species. Recognizing moon jellyfish diversity with formal names is vital for conservation efforts and other studies. This work clarifies the practical implications of molecular genetic data as diagnostic characters, and sheds light on the patterns and processes that generate crypsis.Fil: Lawley, Jonathan W.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Griffith University; AustraliaFil: Gamero Mora, Edgar. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Maronna, Maximiliano Manuel. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Chiaverano, Luciano Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Stampar, Sérgio N.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Hopcroft, Russell R.. University of Alaska; Estados UnidosFil: Collins, Allen G.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Morandini, André C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that’s ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590)

This paper serves as a reply to the Commentary by Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590) on our recently published paper on systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia (Lawley et al. PeerJ 2021;9, e11954)). We emphasise that we are not advocating for the routine use of molecular data alone in taxonomic diagnoses, rather that it is a valid approach in cases where, after detailed analyses, morphological features are shown to be unreliable

Dise?o y construcci?n del puente Chacaneque en San Gab?n, Puno

La presente tesis desarrolla el proyecto llamado ?Dise?o y construcci?n del puente Chacaneque en San Gaban, Puno?, siguiendo una gu?a de buenas pr?cticas se desarrolla y destaca la importancia de planes de gesti?n que deben tener los proyectos. El proyecto se desarrolla debido a que en el sur de pa?s se est?n ejecutando grandes proyectos como la construcci?n de centrales hidroel?ctricas, para ello el cliente GEPSA necesita de la construcci?n de un pase vehicular de carga extraordinaria, eligiendo as? a la empresa Agobirich para el desarrollo de este proyecto. Agobirich desea tomar este proyecto y ser un buen referente para llegar a ser la empresa que construya tambi?n las centrales hidroel?ctricas. La particularidad de este proyecto se debe a que se desarrolla en el departamento de Puno y el cliente tiene acuerdos que se deben respetar con los lugare?os. Asimismo es una zona con alto ?ndice de conflictos sociales y con una geograf?a accidentada, debiendo preveerse medidas preventivas y correctivas en caso de incidentes. As? como tambi?n establecer contactos necesarios. Por la cantidad de actores que participan del proyecto, ?stos deben ser gestionados con planes de acci?n espec?ficos por el impacto que puede causar en los otros planes de gesti?n

Analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups distribution in a population sample from Portugal (central area)

Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups found in central Portugal. In this work, we analysed 102 unrelated individuals of central Portugal. Combining the allelic state of 10 biallelic markers (YAP, SRY-8299, 92R7, 12f2, SRY-1532, SRY-2627, Tat, SY81, M9, LLY22g), we defined the haplogroup to which each sample belonged. Y-chromosomal haplotypes were defined by 16 Y-Short Tandem Repeats (STR) (DYS19, DYS385 a/b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS460, DYS461, GATA A10, GATA C4 and GATA H4). This population study defined 8 different haplogroups and 101 different haplotypes, where 100 haplotypes were unique and 1 was found in two apparently unrelated individuals, both belonging to the same haplogroup.