Jakość i proces starzenia się chlebów z razowych mąk pszennych: z pszenicy zwyczajnej i orkisz oraz z żyta. Quality and Aging of Bread from Wholemeal Common Wheat and Spelt Flours, and from Wholemeal Rye Flour

Celem pracy była ocena jakości chlebów z razowej mąki pszennej z pszenicy zwyczajnej i orkiszowej oraz z żyta, uzyskanych na zakwasie spontanicznym z mąki razowej z danego zboża oraz określenie procesu starzenia się tego pieczywa w trakcie przechowywania. W piekarni "Vini" sporządzono z wymienionych trzech mąk razowych zakwasy spontaniczne i dodano je w odpowiedniej proporcji do sporządzenia ciasta. Z 600-gramowych kęsów ciasta wypieczono chleby i po ochłodzeniu oznaczono ich masę, zmierzono objętość, wyliczono stratę wypiekową całkowitą oraz wykonano ocenę organoleptyczną. We wszystkich chlebach oznaczono zawartość: wody, białka ogółem, błonnika pokarmowego (frakcji rozpuszczalnej i nierozpuszczalnej), popiołu (wybranych makro- i mikroelementów), tłuszczu surowego, wybranych mikotoksyn, fosforanów mio-inozytolu, substancji kształtujących smak i zapach oraz akryloamidu. Wykonano również pomiary profilu tekstury miękiszu w dniu wypieku oraz podczas 7-dobowego przechowywania. Oznaczono liczbę tlenowych bakterii amylolitycznych (OLBA), liczbę tlenowych przetrwalnikujących bakterii amylolitycznych (OLBAP), liczbę drożdży i pleśni (OLG) w 1 g pieczywa oraz trwałość termostatową pieczywa po 1., 2., 5. i 7. dobie przechowywania. Największą objętością wyróżniały się chleby z mąki z pszenicy zwyczajnej graham i one też uzyskały najlepszą akceptację konsumentów w ocenie organoleptycznej, zwłaszcza za smak i zapach. Chleby żytnie i z mąki z pszenicy orkisz cechowały się podobną objętością bochenków, przy czym chleby żytnie w większym stopniu niż orkiszowe były akceptowane przez konsumentów. W chlebach z mąki pszennej, zarówno graham, jak i orkiszowej oznaczono zbliżony stosunek zawartości kwasu mlekowego do octowego - średnio 78 : 22, natomiast w chlebie żytnim udział kwasu mlekowego był mniejszy, octowego - większy niż w pieczywie pszennym, a stosunek zawartości kwasu mlekowego do octowego wynosił średnio 68 : 32. W chlebie razowym żytnim oznaczono największą zawartość glukozy. W chlebach razowych pszennych, zarówno orkiszowych, jak i graham, w odróżnieniu od chlebów żytnich, oznaczono zarówno niższe fosforany mio-inozytolu (IP3 i IP2), jak i wyższe fosforany tego związku - IP5 i IP4. W razowych chlebach orkiszowych nie oznaczono nawet śladowych zawartości akryloamidu, a w pozostałych chlebach ilości tego związku były śladowe. Badane chleby wykazały dużą trwałość mikrobiologiczną. W dniu wypieku największą wilgotnością miękiszu odznaczały się chleby żytnie (ok. 50 %), natomiast średnia wilgotność miękiszu chlebów pszennych (orkiszowych i graham) wynosiła ok. 47,5 %. Po 7 dobach przechowywania wilgotność miękiszu wszystkich chlebów zmniejszyła się w bardzo małym stopniu - o 0,5 ÷ 1 p.p., mimo to zaobserwowano postępujący wzrost jego twardości podczas przechowywania, najmniejszy w chlebach żytnich. (abstrakt oryginalny) The objective of the research study was to assess the quality of bread baked from wholemeal common wheat and spelt wheat wholemeal flours, and from a rye wholemeal flour using a spontaneous sourdough based on the respective wholemeal flour derived from a given cereal, and to determine the aging process of this bread during storage. In a conventional bakery, spontaneous sourdough starters were made from the above named three types of flour and added to the dough in an appropriate proportion. The 600 g pieces of the dough were baked and, after cooling, their weight was determined, their volume was measured, a baking loss was calculated, and an organoleptic assessment was performed. In all the bread loaves, there were determined the contents of: water, total protein, dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble fractions), ash (of the selected macro- and microelements), raw fat, some selected micotoxins, myoinositol phospates, substances that give bread its taste and aroma, and acrylamid. Also, the texture profile of bread crumb was measured on the day of baking and during a 7 day period of storage. Moreover, in 1 g of bread, the count of aerobic amylolytic bacteria (OLBA) was determined as were the counts of sporeforming aerobic amylolytic bacteria (OLBAP), yeasts and moulds (OLG); the thermostatic stability of bread was determined after the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th day of storage. Bread baked from the common wheat Graham flour was characterized by the highest volume and the samples of this bread received, especially for its smell and taste, the highest acceptance of the consumers, who assessed them organoleptically. The rye and spelt bread loaves were characterized by a comparable loaf volume; however, the rye bread was accepted higher by the consumers than the spelt bread. In the bread made from both the common wheat and spelt wheat flour, a similar ratio was determined of lactic to acetic acid (68/32, on average). The highest level of glucose was measured in the rye bread. In contrast to the rye bread, in the bread produced from common and spelt wholemeal flours, there were determined lower contents of myo-inositol phosphates (IP3 and IP2) and higher contents of phosphates of that compound (IP5 and IP4). In the bread from spelt wholemeal flour, even trace contents of acrylamide were not found, and in the other bread loaves, trace amounts of this compound were determined. The bread analysed had a high microbiological stability. On the day of baking, the highest moisture content was reported in the rye bread loaves (approx. 50 %) while the average content of moisture was 47.5 % in the crumb of wheat bread (from common Graham and spelt wheat flour). After 7 days of storage, the moisture content in all the bread loaves decreased to a very low degree: 0.5 to 1 p.p., although their crumbs progressively hardened during storage; the rye bread crumb hardened the slowest. (original abstract

The content of selected micro and trace elements in oat flakes

W pracy oznaczono zawartość wybranych mikroelementów i pierwiastków śladowych w płatkach owsianych. Materiał do badań stanowiło 14 rodzajów płatków owsianych produkcji krajowej, jak i zagranicznych, określanych jako błyskawiczne i zwykłe, oraz tzw. ekologiczne i normalne. W materiale oznaczono zawartość: żelaza, manganu, cynku, miedzi oraz tzw. metali ciężkich (chrom, kadm, nikiel, ołów). Dopuszczalny poziom ołowiu został przekroczony w jednej próbce, która również charakteryzowała się zwiększoną zawartością miedzi. Nie zaobserwowano istotnej różnicy w zawartości miedzi i kadmu pomiędzy płatkami normalnymi a ekologicznymi. Płatki produkcji krajowej charakteryzowały się istotnie mniejszą zawartością żelaza, cynku oraz niklu, w porównaniu do płatków zagranicznych, z kolei poziom ołowiu był w nich istotnie wyższy. Pochodzenie płatków nie miało wpływu na zawartość manganu, miedzi oraz kadmu.The content of selected micro- and trace elements in oat flakes was investigated in 14 samples (8 domestic, 6 foreign) including regular, instant and so called „ecological” ones. Iron, manganese, zinc, copper and so called heavy metals (chromium, cadmium, nickel and lead) content was analyzed. Lead content was exceeded in one sample, which was also characterized by elevated level of copper. There was no significant difference in cadmium and copper content between normal and “ecological” flakes. Domestic flakes were characterized by lower level of iron, zinc and nickel as compared to foreign ones, but on the other hand lead level was higher. Content of manganese, copper and cadmium was not influenced by the origin of the flakes

ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE MATERIALS FROM HARD COAL BURNING IN VIEW OF THEIR AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

Production of electric power in Poland bases on burning brown and hard coal. Currently over 90 % of electricity originates from this source. Generating electric power, like many other human activities, inevitably involves production of wastes. Considering the previous trends of these waste materials utilisation, one should analyse also potential use of biogenic components which they contain as fertilizers. The main objective of conducted investigations was an assessment of potential application of selected waste materials, i.e. fly ashes from production, fly ashes from the landfill site and slag sand from “KRAKÓW S.A.” heat and power plant for agricultural and environmental purposes. The assessment was made on the basis of analyses of the following physical and chemical properties of studied materials: pH, granulometric composition determined by Bouyoucose-Casagrande method in Prószyński’s modification, total alkalinity, total nitrogen content assessed by means of Kjeldahl’s method, organic carbon by Tiurin’s method, total contents of trace elements and the content of available forms of trace elements soluble in 1 mol · dm-3 HCl solution. On the basis of conducted laboratory analyses it should be stated that the amounts of heavy metals determined in the studied materials did not exceed the content allowable for waste materials designed for soil liming. The analysed materials reveal physical and chemical properties which do not exclude their potential application for soil liming. In this respect, fly ash from production seems the best. However, it contains about twice lower amounts of CaO in comparison with other calcium fertilizers available on the market

The effect of municipal sewage sludge on the content, use and mass ratios of some elements in spring barley biomass

Municipal sewage sludge contains considerable amounts of macro and microelements essential for plant nutrition. With decreasing use of natural and organic fertilizers, there is a need to search for alternative sources of organic matter (which is a substrate for humus reproduction). In a field experiment carried out on heavy soil with neutral reaction, the effect of single application of municipal sewage sludge in a dose of 5.34 Mg·ha−1 DM was compared to an equivalent dose of mineral fertilizers. The test plant was spring barley. After application of municipal sewage sludge, slight positive changes in the chemical properties of the soil were observed. The sewage sludge increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw by, respectively, 14 and 13% in relation to treatment with mineral fertilization. Spring barley fertilized with sewage sludge contained more elements than barley grown only on mineral fertilizers. It was shown that application of municipal sewage sludge to the soil had a significant effect on increase in nutrient uptake by spring barley. Fe was taken up in the highest amount, followed by Al and Mn, and Co was taken up in the smallest amounts. Utilization of Fe, Mn, Co and Al from sewage sludge by spring barley was at 6.0, 4.7, 0.7 and 0.7%, respectively of the amount applied to the soil with this waste. The mass ratios (Fe:Mn, Fe:Al, Mn:Co) analyzed in spring barley biomass were much wider in straw than in grain. In terms of grain feed value, Fe:Mn ratio in grain and straw was greater than optimum

The Impact of Training Systems on Productivity and GHG Emissions from Grapevines in the Sughd Region in Northern Tajikistan

Northern Tajikistan creates favorable conditions for growing grapes due to its climate. The choice of method of grape production to ensure a high-quality yield, while reducing the negative effects of such production on the environment, poses a serious challenge to implementation regarding the principles of sustainable production. In addition to the essential techniques associated with grapevine production, such as irrigation, fertilization, and plant protection, a training system plays a significant role. The objective of this research was to evaluate the environmental efficiency of vineyard training systems in northern Tajikistan. The indicators accepted for the evaluation process were the vegetative growth of plants, yield, and environmental pressure of production expressed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The single-factor experiment was conducted in Ghafurov District, and the following training systems were used: (A) multi-arm fan; (B) Umbrella Kniffin; (C) one-side multi-arm, paired planting. Growth parameters, yield, yield quality, and GHG emissions were evaluated. The cultivation of grapes in training system “C” resulted in higher values of parameters such as Practical Bud Fertility coefficient and fruiting shoots pcs and higher yields. The training systems were ranked according to GHG emissions per yield unit in the following order, from lower to higher emissions: C < B < A

The effect of municipal sewage sludge on the chemical composition of spring barley

Due to the fact that soils in Poland are mostly light soils, there is a need to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, as a result of the decrease in the number of farm animals, a decrease in production of natural fertilizers can be observed. Low production of natural fertilizers speaks in favor of agricultural use of municipal sewage sludge in Poland. Municipal sewage sludge is composed of large quantities of macronutrients necessary for plants. This waste also contains significant amounts of organic substance. Chemical properties, including a high content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and often calcium, speak in favor of environmental use of municipal sewage sludge. Increasing requirements with respect to environmental protection cause the necessity to assess the effects of using organic waste for fertilization. In a farm located in the commune of Iwanowice (Małopolska province), municipal sewage sludge was applied under spring barley cultivation. The soil on which municipal sewage sludge was applied was classified into the category of heavy soils with neutral reaction. When assessing the content of available nutrients (P, K, Mg) in the soil, their low content was determined. After application of municipal sewage sludge in a dose of 24 Mg fresh matter per hectare, which corresponded to 5.34 Mg DM·ha−1, under spring barley, beneficial changes in chemical properties of the soil were observed. An increase in soil abundance in organic carbon and total nitrogen was observed, as well as an increase in the content of available forms of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Based on the results of the conducted chemical analyses, it was established that biomass of spring barley fertilized with sewage sludge contained more macronutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg), which improved its feed value. The field experiment showed that application of municipal sewage sludge increased uptake of macronutrients by spring barley

YIELD FORMING EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF COMPOSTS CONTAINING POLYMER MATERIALS ENRICHED IN BIOCOMPONENTS

In a pot experiment the impact of composts containing polymeric materials modified with biocomponents on the diversity of crops of oats and mustard was examined. The composts used in the study were produced in the laboratory from wheat and rape straw, and pea seed cleaning waste with 8-percent addition of chopped biopolymer materials (films) which were prepared in the Central Mining Institute (GIG) in Katowice. Three polymers differing in content of starch and density were selected for the composting. The pot experiment was conducted on three substrates: light and medium soil and on the sediment obtained after flotation of zinc and lead ores, coming from the landfill ZGH “Boleslaw” S.A. in Bukowno. The need for using such materials and substrates results from the conditions of processing some morphological fractions of municipal waste and from improving methods of reclamation. Yield enhancing effect of composts depends on the substrate on which the compost was used, cultivated plants and crop succession. Application of composts prepared with 8% of polymeric materials based on polyethylene, modified with starch as biocomponent, resulted in significantly lower yields in sandy (light) soil in case of oats and, in some cases, in medium soil. Subsequent plant yield did not differ significantly between the objects fertilized with compost

Quality Assessment of Wild and Cultivated Green Tea from Different Regions of China

Natural products have always enjoyed great popularity among consumers. Wild tea is an interesting alternative to tea from intensive plantations. The term “wild tea” is applied to many different varieties of tea, the most desirable and valued of which are native or indigenous tea plants. Special pro-health properties of wild tea are attributed to the natural conditions in which it grows. However, there are no complex studies that describe quality and health indicators of wild tea. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of wild and cultivated green tea from different regions of China: Wuzhishan, Baisha, Kunlushan, and Pu’Er. The assessment was carried out by verifying the concentration of selected chemical components in tea and relating it to the health risks they may pose, as well as to the nutritional requirements of adults. Wild tea was characterized by higher micronutrient concentration. The analyzed teas can constitute a valuable source of Mn in the diet. A higher concentration of nitrates and oxalates in cultivated tea can be associated with fertilizer use. The analyzed cultivated tea was a better source of antioxidants with a higher concentration of caffeine. There were no indications of health risks for wild or cultivated teas