107 research outputs found

    Plant chemical defence: a partner control mechanism stabilising plant - seed-eating pollinator mutualisms

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mutualisms are inherently conflictual as one partner always benefits from reducing the costs imposed by the other. Despite the widespread recognition that mutualisms are essentially reciprocal exploitation, there are few documented examples of traits that limit the costs of mutualism. In plant/seed-eating pollinator interactions the only mechanisms reported so far are those specific to one particular system, such as the selective abortion of over-exploited fruits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This study shows that plant chemical defence against developing larvae constitutes another partner sanction mechanism in nursery mutualisms. It documents the chemical defence used by globeflower <it>Trollius europaeus </it>L. (Ranunculaceae) against the seed-eating larvae of six pollinating species of the genus <it>Chiastocheta </it>Pokorny (Anthomyiidae). The correlative field study carried out shows that the severity of damage caused by <it>Chiastocheta </it>larvae to globeflower fruits is linked to the accumulation in the carpel walls of a C-glycosyl-flavone (adonivernith), which reduces the larval seed predation ability per damaged carpel. The different <it>Chiastocheta </it>species do not exploit the fruit in the same way and their interaction with the plant chemical defence is variable, both in terms of induction intensity and larval sensitivity to adonivernith.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Adonivernith accumulation and larval predation intensity appear to be both the reciprocal cause and effect. Adonivernith not only constitutes an effective chemical means of partner control, but may also play a key role in the sympatric diversification of the <it>Chiastocheta </it>genus.</p

    Velocity-informed upper bounds on the convective heat transport induced by internal heat sources and sinks

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    Three-dimensional convection driven by internal heat sources and sinks (CISS) leads to experimental and numerical scaling-laws compatible with a mixing-length - or `ultimate' - scaling regime Nu∌RaNu \sim \sqrt{Ra}. However, asymptotic analytic solutions and idealized 2D simulations have shown that laminar flow solutions can transport heat even more efficiently, with Nu∌RaNu \sim Ra. The turbulent nature of the flow thus has a profound impact on its transport properties. In the present contribution we give this statement a precise mathematical sense. We show that the Nusselt number maximized over all solutions is bounded from above by const.×Ra\times Ra, before restricting attention to 'fully turbulent branches of solutions', defined as families of solutions characterized by a finite nonzero limit of the dissipation coefficient at large driving amplitude. Maximization of NuNu over such branches of solutions yields the better upper-bound Nuâ‰ČRaNu \lesssim \sqrt{Ra}. We then provide 3D numerical and experimental data of CISS compatible with a finite limiting value of the dissipation coefficient at large driving amplitude. It thus seems that CISS achieves the maximal heat transport scaling over fully turbulent solutions

    La restauration des végétations des hauts de falaises du littoral atlantique, vers une évaluation globale

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    Les végétations des falaises littorales atlantiques ont fortement été dégradées par une fréquentation touristique croissante. Cet article nous présente les étapes essentielles à la réussite écologique et socio-économique des opérations de restauration, qui passe par une meilleure connaissance de la diversité des écosystÚmes et des modes de gestion

    Experimental Observation of Spatially Localized Dynamo Magnetic Fields

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    International audienceWe report the first experimental observation of a spatially localized dynamo magnetic field, a common feature of astrophysical dynamos and convective dynamo simulations. When the two propellers of the von Ka ́rma ́n sodium experiment are driven at frequencies that differ by 15%, the mean magnetic field's energy measured close to the slower disk is nearly 10 times larger than the one close to the faster one. This strong localization of the magnetic field when a symmetry of the forcing is broken is in good agreement with a prediction based on the interaction between a dipolar and a quadrupolar magnetic mode

    Non-universal behaviour of helical two-dimensional three-component turbulence

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    The dynamics of two-dimensional three-component (2D3C) flows is relevant to describe the long-time evolution of strongly rotating flows and/or of conducting fluids with a strong mean magnetic field. We show that in the presence of a strong helical forcing, the out-of-plane component ceases to behave as a passive advected quantity and develops a nontrivial dynamics which deeply changes its large-scale properties. We show that a small-scale helicity injection correlates the input on the 2D component with the one on the out-of-plane component. As a result, the third component develops a nontrivial energy transfer. The latter is mediated by homochiral triads, confirming the strong 3D nature of the leading dynamical interactions. In conclusion, we show that the out-of-plane component in a 2D3C flow enjoys strong nonuniversal properties as a function of the degree of mirror symmetry of the small-scale forcing

    A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Identifies Regulators of Cholesterol-Modified Hedgehog Secretion in Drosophila

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    Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are secreted molecules that function as organizers in animal development. In addition to being palmitoylated, Hh is the only metazoan protein known to possess a covalently-linked cholesterol moiety. The absence of either modification severely disrupts the organization of numerous tissues during development. It is currently not known how lipid-modified Hh is secreted and released from producing cells. We have performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Drosophila melanogaster cells to identify regulators of Hh secretion. We found that cholesterol-modified Hh secretion is strongly dependent on coat protein complex I (COPI) but not COPII vesicles, suggesting that cholesterol modification alters the movement of Hh through the early secretory pathway. We provide evidence that both proteolysis and cholesterol modification are necessary for the efficient trafficking of Hh through the ER and Golgi. Finally, we identified several putative regulators of protein secretion and demonstrate a role for some of these genes in Hh and Wingless (Wg) morphogen secretion in vivo. These data open new perspectives for studying how morphogen secretion is regulated, as well as provide insight into regulation of lipid-modified protein secretion

    Combiner tourisme et conservation patrimoniale

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    Du fait d’une pression touristique croissante sur les sites naturels ou culturels et leur environnement, la gestion de la frĂ©quentation devient un enjeu majeur sur ces derniers. En prĂ©sentant l’exemple du site de Carnac, cet article montre comment, par une dĂ©marche scientifique, des solutions originales de gestion de la frĂ©quentation, adaptĂ©es aux caractĂ©ristiques parfois complexes de chaque site, peuvent ĂȘtre mises en Ɠuvre. Ainsi, la gestion de ce site est fondĂ©e sur une connaissance fine de l’écologie des milieux prĂ©sents ainsi que sur une phase relativement longue d’observations et d’expĂ©rimentations. Le protocole d’ouverture Ă©tabli permet un contingentement des visiteurs en pĂ©riode de haute frĂ©quentation et de grande sensibilitĂ© de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, et une ouverture plus libre en hiver. En outre, il permet un accĂšs du public sans amĂ©nagement interne au site, tout en prĂ©servant l’intĂ©gritĂ© Ă©cologique et archĂ©ologique du site

    The auxilia recruitment in the Roman army under the Early Roman Empire in the Western provinces of the Empire

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    Les unitĂ©s auxiliaires sont une sociĂ©tĂ© militaire singuliĂšre. Notre travail concerne les deux principaux types d’unitĂ©s auxiliaires - ailes et cohortes - sous le Haut-Empire, c’est-Ă -dire du dĂ©but du rĂšgne de l’empereur Auguste en 27 avant notre Ăšre jusqu’au dĂ©but du rĂšgne de l’empereur DioclĂ©tien en 284 de notre Ăšre. Sont prises en considĂ©ration les recrues des unitĂ©s auxiliaires se trouvant dans les provinces occidentales de l’Empire. Il s’agit avant tout d’une Ă©tude statistique du recrutement individuel appuyĂ© sur un corpus Ă©pigraphique qui recense l’ensemble des combattants ayant laissĂ© une trace documentaire. Elle cherche Ă  prĂ©ciser la composition juridique et ethnique des troupes et son Ă©volution en fonction du temps, des unitĂ©s et du rang. Elle doit aussi permettre de caractĂ©riser l’évolution des modalitĂ©s du recrutement des auxiliaires. Il s’agit surtout de percevoir dans quelle mesure ces troupes se romanisent, voire sont un Ă©lĂ©ment fort de la diffusion de mƓurs romaines auprĂšs des populations indigĂšnes et barbares de l’Empire. Ces unitĂ©s apparaissent comme un lieu d’intense brassage juridique, ethnique et culturel. Elles ne sont pas les responsables, comme cela a Ă©tĂ© souvent Ă©crit, d’un processus de barbarisation des armĂ©es romaines mais ont au contraire diffusĂ© des droits juridiques et une culture commune.The auxiliary units are a specific military society. Our work deals with the two main types of auxiliary units – alae and cohorts - under the Early Roman Empire, from the beginning of the reign of Emperor Augustus in BC 27 till the beginning of the reign of Emperor Diocletian in AD 284. The recruits of the auxiliary units situated in the western provinces of the Empire are considered. It is above all about a statistical study of the individual recruitment based on an epigraphic catalogue recording all the soldiers and cavalrymen who have left writing evidence. It aims at specifying the legal and ethnic composition of the troops and its evolution depending on time units, and ranks. It has also to make possible the characterization of the evolution of auxiliaries recruitment modes. Our objective is to understand in which extent these troops become Romans and are an important factor of the Roman customs spreading among the native and barbarian populations of the Empire. These units seem to be a place of great legal, ethnic and cultural intermixing. As it was often stated, they are not responsible for a process of barbarization of Roman armies but they have spread legal rights as well as common culture

    Combiner tourisme et conservation patrimoniale

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    Du fait d’une pression touristique croissante sur les sites naturels ou culturels et leur environnement, la gestion de la frĂ©quentation devient un enjeu majeur sur ces derniers. En prĂ©sentant l’exemple du site de Carnac, cet article montre comment, par une dĂ©marche scientifique, des solutions originales de gestion de la frĂ©quentation, adaptĂ©es aux caractĂ©ristiques parfois complexes de chaque site, peuvent ĂȘtre mises en Ɠuvre. Ainsi, la gestion de ce site est fondĂ©e sur une connaissance fine de l’écologie des milieux prĂ©sents ainsi que sur une phase relativement longue d’observations et d’expĂ©rimentations. Le protocole d’ouverture Ă©tabli permet un contingentement des visiteurs en pĂ©riode de haute frĂ©quentation et de grande sensibilitĂ© de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, et une ouverture plus libre en hiver. En outre, il permet un accĂšs du public sans amĂ©nagement interne au site, tout en prĂ©servant l’intĂ©gritĂ© Ă©cologique et archĂ©ologique du site

    Combiner tourisme et conservation patrimoniale : Exemple d’une gestion Ă©cologique de la frĂ©quentation sur le site mĂ©galithique de Carnac

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    Du fait d’une pression touristique croissante sur les sites naturels ou culturels et leur environnement, la gestion de la frĂ©quentation devient un enjeu majeur sur ces derniers. En prĂ©sentant l’exemple du site de Carnac, cet article montre comment, par une dĂ©marche scientifique, des solutions originales de gestion de la frĂ©quentation, adaptĂ©es aux caractĂ©ristiques parfois complexes de chaque site, peuvent ĂȘtre mises en oeuvre. Ainsi, la gestion de ce site est fondĂ©e sur une connaissance fine de l’écologie des milieux prĂ©sents ainsi que sur une phase relativement longue d’observations et d’expĂ©rimentations.Le protocole d’ouverture Ă©tabli permet un contingentement des visiteurs en pĂ©riode de haute frĂ©quentation et de grande sensibilitĂ© de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, et une ouverture plus libre en hiver. En outre, il permet un accĂšs du public sans amĂ©nagement interne au site, tout en prĂ©servant l’intĂ©gritĂ© Ă©cologique et archĂ©ologique du site
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