Galadriel and Wyrd: Interlace, Exempla and the Passing of Northern Courage in the History of the Eldar

Two important characters in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Legendarium are pivotable to a Germanic narrative of the Eldar: Fëanor and Galadriel. Fëanor pivots the narrative of the Eldar to one resembling the Germanic heroic epic by invoking a wyrd, through his free choice, against himself and the Noldor who followed him, which leads to their doom. Galadriel, on the other hand, as the last of the Noldorin rebels and a penitent, pivots the fatalistic and heroic Elvish narrative to eucatastrophe through own her free will and choice. This article examines First Age themes of free will, banishment and exile, doom and providence through textual cue such as the spatial imagery, tonality, and character action. In doing so, themes and motifs become clearer and interweave together to form a rich tapestry of the Eldar’s Germanic narrative. This tapestry of Germanic heroism, or Northern courage as Tolkien called it, comes to an end with Galadriel’s eucatastrophe as she resist the temptation of the One Ring as well as ancient desires. The eucatastrophe allows the penitent Galadriel to not only redeem herself but also the remnant Noldor in Middle-earth. Galadriel, through her own redemption and consequently the redemption of the remnant Noldor, ends the Germanic narrative in the Lord of the Rings

The Germanic Narrative of the Eldar in J. R. R. Tolkiens Legendarium: Northern Courage, Wyrd and Redemption

This dissertation, which consists of six published or soon to be published essays, examines the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien on the topics "Northern courage" and "Wyrd". Questions are raised such as: "What were Tolkien's views on the Germanic heroic ethos?" And "How do these views manifest and dramatize in his fiction?" Tolkien was found to use the medieval narrative technique of the exemplum to illustrate moral and ideological cultural authority in his secondary world history of the Elves. This work also shows that the moral and ideological views expressed by the narrators of the secondary world correspond to Tolkien's own personal correspondence and academic criticism, which in turn express his views on the vices and virtues of Nordic heroism. Fëanor acts ad malum exemplum, first because of his free will and then through his actions and deeds. Wyrd is called in the Alfredian sense and pursues the Elves in a Germanic heroic epic until it is broken by Galadriel — ad bonum exemplum. At this point the illustrative Germanic narrative of the Elves ends and paves the way for the introduction of a new heroic ethic that better reflects Tolkien's ideal of his heroic ethic. This new heroism, embodied by Tolkien's character Aragorn, the renewal king of Gondor, expresses a new hope for the Age of Men.Diese Dissertation, die aus sechs veröffentlichten oder in Kürze erscheinenden Aufsätzen besteht, untersucht das Legendarium von J. R. R. Tolkien anhand der Themen "Nordischer Heldenmut" und "Wyrd". Es werden Fragen aufgeworfen wie: „Was waren Tolkiens Ansichten zum germanischen Heldenethos?“ und „Wie manifestieren und dramatisieren sich diese Ansichten in seiner Fiktion?“. Es wurde festgestellt, dass Tolkien die mittelalterliche Erzähltechnik des Exempla verwendete, um eine moralische und ideologische kulturelle Autorität in seiner sekundären Weltgeschichte der Elben zu veranschaulichen. Weiterhin wird in dieser Arbeit aufgezeigt, dass die moralischen und ideologischen Ansichten, die von den Erzählern der Sekundärwelt geäußert werden, Tolkiens eigener persönlicher Korrespondenz und seiner akademischen Kritik entsprechen, welche wiederum seine Ansichten über die Laster und Tugenden des nordischen Heldenmutes zum Ausdruck bringen. Fëanor fungiert als ad malum exemplum zunächst aufgrund seines freien Willens und anschließend durch seine Handlungen und Taten. Wyrd wird im Alfredianischen Sinne angerufen und verfolgt die Elben im Rahmen eines germanischen Heldenepos bis es von Tolkiens ad bonum exemplum - Galadriel - gebrochen wird. An diesem Punkt endet die illustrative germanische Erzählung der Elben und ebnet den Weg für die Einführung eines neuen Heldenethos, das Tolkiens Ideal seines Heldenethos besser widerspiegelt. Diese neue Heldenmoral wird von Tolkiens Charakter Aragorn verkörpert, dem Erneuerungskönig von Gondor, und bringt eine neue Hoffnung für das Zeitalter der Menschen zum Ausdruck

Elessar Telcontar Magnus, Rex Pater Gondor, Restitutor Imperii

The nature of the heroic-ethos changes in the late Third Age of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Legendarium. At the beginning of the First Age, a Germanic ethos that Tolkien called the theory of Northern courage accompanied the exile of the Noldor. However, at the dawn of the dominion of Men, a new ethos emerges. It is an ethos of hope rather than the “sad light of fatalism” of the “long defeat.” This ethos is exemplified, ad bono exemplum, in the character of Aragorn who fuses the old ethos and tradition into a new ‘pseudo-chivalry’ appropriate for the Age of Men. Examining Aragorn’s inherited core traditions and his great deeds in contrast to our own historical examples helps us to understand the nature of the changing heroic ethos in Tolkien’s Legendarium. By contrasting Aragorn, his coronation and kingship with our own literary and historical Charlemagne and Carolingian heroic poetry, the role of the Renewal King becomes clearer and we may understand this ‘fusion’ of new and old within Tolkien’s illustrative narrative of Middle-earth

Elessar Telcontar Magnus, Rex Pater Gondor, Restitutor Imperii

The nature of the heroic-ethos changes in the late Third Age of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Legendarium. At the beginning of the First Age, a Germanic ethos that Tolkien called the theory of Northern courage accompanied the exile of the Noldor. However, at the dawn of the dominion of Men, a new ethos emerges. It is an ethos of hope rather than the “sad light of fatalism” of the “long defeat.” This ethos is exemplified, ad bono exemplum, in the character of Aragorn who fuses the old ethos and tradition into a new ‘pseudo-chivalry’ appropriate for the Age of Men. Examining Aragorn’s inherited core traditions and his great deeds in contrast to our own historical examples helps us to understand the nature of the changing heroic ethos in Tolkien’s Legendarium. By contrasting Aragorn, his coronation and kingship with our own literary and historical Charlemagne and Carolingian heroic poetry, the role of the Renewal King becomes clearer and we may understand this ‘fusion’ of new and old within Tolkien’s illustrative narrative of Middle-earth

The \u27Wyrdwrīteras\u27 of Elvish History: Northern Courage, Historical Bias, and Literary Artifact as Illustrative Narrative

Tolkien’s legendarium writings display a subtle command of the perspectives and aims of different storytellers, as this examination of the many “chroniclers of Elvish history” and their various motivations demonstrates. At the meta-level, the paper discusses Tolkien’s own historiographical aims in using these different voices to advance sometimes opposing views of military motive and courage

Evaluation de la qualité de vie chez les personnes infectées par le VIH

[Table des matières] I. Patients et méthodes. 1. Enquête auprès de personnes infectées par le VIH : participation et caractéristiques des participants. 2. Modalités de l'enquête. 3. Patients séropositifs hospitalisés. 4. Questionnaire. 5. Calcul des scores du SF-36 et du SF-36+CF. - II. Résultats commentés de l'enquête auprès de personnes infectées par le VIH et des autres groupes comparatifs de patients. 1. Comparaison entre le groupe de patients séropositifs et le groupe Consultation anonyme sida (PMU). 2. Comparaison entre le groupe des patients séropositifs et la population générale vaudoise. 3. Auto-évaluation de l'état de santé par rapport à l'année précédente. 4. Evolution des variables cliniques à 12 mois. 5. Analyse factorielle et scores synthétiques du SF-36. 6. Relation entre les scores des dimensions du SF-36+CF et la survenue du décès. - III. Evaluation du questionnaire. 1. Mesure de la qualité de vie liée à l'état de santé. 2. Adjonction de la dimension "fonctionnement cognitif". 3. Conclusions et recommandations

Unknowable bodies, unthinkable sexualities: lesbian and transgender legal invisibility in the Toronto women's bathhouse raid

Although litigation involving sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination claims has generated considerable public attention in recent years, lesbian and transgender bodies and sexualities still remain largely invisible in Anglo-American courts. While such invisibility is generally attributed to social norms that fail to recognize lesbian and transgender experiences, the capacity to 'not see' or 'not know' queer bodies and sexualities also involves wilful acts of ignorance. Drawing from R. v Hornick (2002) a Canadian case involving the police raid of a women's bathhouse, this article explores how lesbian and transgender bodies and sexualities are actively rendered invisible via legal knowledge practices, norms and rationalities. It argues that limited knowledge and limited thinking not only regulate the borders of visibility and belonging, but play an active part in shaping identities, governing conduct and producing subjectivity

Elevated Mechanical Loading When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Cortical Bone Properties in Female Rats Independent of a Surgically Induced Menopause

Exercise that mechanically loads the skeleton is advocated when young to enhance lifelong bone health. Whether the skeletal benefits of elevated loading when young persist into adulthood and after menopause are important questions. This study investigated the influence of a surgically induced menopause in female Sprague-Dawley rats on the lifelong maintenance of the cortical bone benefits of skeletal loading when young. Animals had their right forearm extrinsically loaded 3 d/wk between 4 and 10 weeks of age using the forearm axial compression loading model. Left forearms were internal controls and not loaded. Animals were subsequently detrained (restricted to cage activities) for 94 weeks (until age 2 years), with ovariectomy (OVX) or sham-OVX surgery being performed at 24 weeks of age. Loading enhanced midshaft ulna cortical bone mass, structure, and estimated strength. These benefits persisted lifelong and contributed to loaded ulnas having greater strength after detraining. Loading also had effects on cortical bone quality. The benefits of loading when young were not influenced by a surgically induced menopause because there were no interactions between loading and surgery. However, OVX had independent effects on cortical bone mass, structure, and estimated strength at early postsurgery time points (up to age 58 weeks) and bone quality measures. These data indicate skeletal loading when young had lifelong benefits on cortical bone properties that persisted independent of a surgically induced menopause. This suggests that skeletal loading associated with exercise when young may provide lifelong antifracture benefits by priming the skeleton to offset the cortical bone changes associated with aging and menopause

Physical activity mediates the relationship between outdoor time and mental health

Both spending time outdoors and participating in physical activity improve mental health. Given that the outdoor environment provides an ideal location for physical activity, better understanding of the relationships among time spent outdoors, physical activity and positive mental health is needed to help guide interventions. The aim was to examine if physical activity moderates or mediates the relationship between outdoor time and positive mental health. Two-hundred-forty-two participants (15 ± 1 years old, 59% girls) from New Brunswick, Canada were included in the current analysis. Youth self-reported time spent outdoors and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) three times between October 2016 and June 2017. Data on their mental health were collected in October 2017. Values of outdoor time and MVPA were averaged across the three time points to represent the exposure and mediator variables, respectively. Mental health, dichotomized as flourishing/not flourishing, was the outcome in the mediation analysis. An interaction term tested if the mediation effect depended on outdoor time. Analyses were undertaken in 2019 using the mediation package in R. In univariate analyses, both MVPA (p < 0.001) and outdoor time (p = 0.05) were positive predictors of flourishing mental health. In mediation analyses, a small indirect mediation (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04) and no direct (1.00, 0.98–1.05) effect were noted, suggesting that MVPA mediates the effect of outdoor time on positive mental health. This effect did not vary as a function of outdoor time (interaction: 1.00, 0.99–1.01). Physical activity mediates the relationship between outdoor time and positive mental health. Outdoor time could promote positive mental health among youth through increases in physical activity

Functional Genomics Unique to Week 20 Post Wounding in the Deep Cone/Fat Dome of the Duroc/Yorkshire Porcine Model of Fibroproliferative Scarring

Background: Hypertrophic scar was first described over 100 years ago; PubMed has more than 1,000 references on the topic. Nevertheless prevention and treatment remains poor, because 1) there has been no validated animal model; 2) human scar tissue, which is impossible to obtain in a controlled manner, has been the only source for study; 3) tissues typically have been homogenized, mixing cell populations; and 4) gene-by-gene studies are incomplete.Methodology/Principal Findings: We have assembled a system that overcomes these barriers and permits the study of genome-wide gene expression in microanatomical locations, in shallow and deep partial-thickness wounds, and pigmented and non-pigmented skin, using the Duroc( pigmented fibroproliferative)/Yorkshire( non-pigmented non-fibroproliferative) porcine model. We used this system to obtain the differential transcriptome at 1, 2, 3, 12 and 20 weeks post wounding. It is not clear when fibroproliferation begins, but it is fully developed in humans and the Duroc breed at 20 weeks. Therefore we obtained the derivative functional genomics unique to 20 weeks post wounding. We also obtained long-term, forty-six week follow-up with the model.Conclusions/Significance: 1) the scars are still thick at forty-six weeks post wounding further validating the model. 2) the differential transcriptome provides new insights into the fibroproliferative process as several genes thought fundamental to fibroproliferation are absent and others differentially expressed are newly implicated. 3) the findings in the derivative functional genomics support old concepts, which further validates the model, and suggests new avenues for reductionist exploration. in the future, these findings will be searched for directed networks likely involved in cutaneous fibroproliferation. These clues may lead to a better understanding of the systems biology of cutaneous fibroproliferation, and ultimately prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scarring.The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation ResearchThe National Institutes of HealthThe Washington State Council of Fire Fighters Burn FoundationThe Northwest Burn FoundationUniv Washington, Dept Surg, Div Plast Surg, Seattle, WA 98195 USAIowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA USAUniv Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USAMahidol Univ, Ramathibodi Hosp, Dept Surg, Bangkok 10700, ThailandUniv Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Plast Surg, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Plast Surg, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilThe National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research: H133G050022The National Institutes of Health: 1R21GM074673The National Institutes of Health: 5U54GM062119-09Web of Scienc