The Pioneer Anomaly

Radio-metric Doppler tracking data received from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft from heliocentric distances of 20-70 AU has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, blue-shifted frequency drift uniformly changing with a rate of ~6 x 10^{-9} Hz/s. Ultimately, the drift was interpreted as a constant sunward deceleration of each particular spacecraft at the level of a_P = (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^{-10} m/s^2. This apparent violation of the Newton's gravitational inverse-square law has become known as the Pioneer anomaly; the nature of this anomaly remains unexplained. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the physical properties of the anomaly and the conditions that led to its detection and characterization. We review various mechanisms proposed to explain the anomaly and discuss the current state of efforts to determine its nature. A comprehensive new investigation of the anomalous behavior of the two Pioneers has begun recently. The new efforts rely on the much-extended set of radio-metric Doppler data for both spacecraft in conjunction with the newly available complete record of their telemetry files and a large archive of original project documentation. As the new study is yet to report its findings, this review provides the necessary background for the new results to appear in the near future. In particular, we provide a significant amount of information on the design, operations and behavior of the two Pioneers during their entire missions, including descriptions of various data formats and techniques used for their navigation and radio-science data analysis. As most of this information was recovered relatively recently, it was not used in the previous studies of the Pioneer anomaly, but it is critical for the new investigation.Comment: 165 pages, 40 figures, 16 tables; accepted for publication in Living Reviews in Relativit

O sentido olfato no cuidado de enfermagem hospitalar El sentido olfato en la atención de enfermería hospitalar The olfactory sense in a hospital nursing care

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as percepções e reações relacionadas ao sentido olfato durante o cuidado. Apresenta o resultado de três pesquisas de doutorado sobre as pistas olfativas na compreensão das alterações clínicas e padrão de cuidado de enfermagem em setores hospitalares. Estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa valorizando princípios do método Sociopoético e dos Sentidos Sociocomunicantes do Corpo. Os sujeitos utilizam o sentido olfato como instrumento para: diagnosticar os desvios de saúde fisiológicos e psicoafetivos; avaliar o estado de higiene, de limpeza corporal do paciente e do ambiente; e nortear o cuidado de enfermagem necessário. Identificamos repulsa pelo mau odor que emana do paciente e as estratégias utilizadas para minimizá-lo. Possibilitou-se instituir um espaço de diálogo para conhecer as reações aos odores, reconhecer as próprias limitações aos estímulos olfativos e redimensionar os mecanismos de respostas que possibilitem o conforto e a segurança dos envolvidos no cuidado de enfermagem.<br>El objetivo es identificar las percepciones y reacciones relacionadas al sentido del olfato en la atención de enfermería hospitalaria. Presenta los resultados de tres investigaciones de doctorado que centran sus datos sobre el sentido olfato a partir de la atención de enfermería hospitalaria en el trauma ortopédico, clínica quirúrgica y centro quirúrgico. Son estudios exploratorios, con enfoque cualitativo, utilizando los principios del método Sociopoético y Sentidos Sociocomunicantes. La transversalidad de los datos muestra el uso del olfato como herramienta para la atención, para evaluar el estado de higiene y limpieza del paciente y medio ambiente, e identifica rechazado por el mal olor que emana del paciente. Permiten reconocer esas reacciones a los olores de sus pacientes y el medio ambiente, para el reconocimiento de sus propias limitaciones a los estímulos y desarrollar mecanismos de respuesta que permiten la comodidad y seguridad de las personas involucradas en la atención.<br>The goal is to identify the perceptions and reactions related to the olfactory sense in the care provided. It presents the results of three doctoral researches on olfactory cues in understanding the clinical and standard variations of nursing care in hospital sectors. It's an exploratory and descriptive study with a qualitative approach, emphasizing the principles of Sociopoetic method and the body socio-communicating senses. It shows the use of this as a tool to diagnose the physiological and psychoaffective health deviations; assess the state of hygiene, the cleaning of patient's body and environment and to guide the nursing care needed. It was identified the repulse for the bad smell emanating from the patient and the strategies used to minimize them. Allowed to set up a space for dialogue to see the reactions to odors, recognize their own limitations on olfactory stimuli and adjust the response mechanisms that enable the comfort and safety of those involved in nursing care