Connections between cosmic-ray physics, gamma-ray data analysis and Dark Matter detection

Cosmic-ray (CR) physics has been a prolific field of research for over a century. The open problems related to CR acceleration, transport and modulation are deeply connected with the indirect searches for particle dark matter (DM). In particular, the high-quality gamma-ray data released by Fermi-LAT are under the spotlight in the scientific community because of a recent claim about a inner Galaxy anomaly: The necessity to disentangle the astrophysical emission due to CR interactions from a possible DM signal is therefore compelling and requires a deep knowledge of several non-trivial aspects regarding CR physics. I review all these connections in this contribution. In the first part, I present a detailed overview on recent results regarding modeling of cosmic-ray (CR) production and propagation: I focus on the necessity to go beyond the standard and simplified picture of uniform and homogeneous diffusion, showing that gamma-ray data point towards different transport regimes in different regions of the Galaxy; I sketch the impact of large-scale structure on CR observables, and -- concerning the interaction with the Heliosphere -- I mention the necessity to consider a charge-dependent modulation scenario. In the second part, all these aspects are linked to the DM problem. I analyze the claim of a inner Galaxy excess and discuss the impact of the non-trivial aspects presented in the first part on our understanding of this anomaly.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures. Proceeding of the ICRC 201

CR electrons and positrons: what we have learned in the latest three years and future perspectives

After the PAMELA finding of an increasing positron fraction above 10 GeV, the experimental evidence for the presence of a new electron and positron spectral component in the cosmic ray zoo has been recently confirmed by Fermi-LAT. We show that a simple phenomenological model which assumes the presence of a primary electron and positron extra component allows a consistent description of all available data sets. We then describe the most relevant astrophysical uncertainties which still prevent to determine the electron+positron source properties from those data and the perspectives of forthcoming experiments.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Proceeding of the 3th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics and Detectors for Physics Applications, Villa Olmo (Como), 3-7 October 2011

Coalitions in the airline industry: an empirical approach

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the determinants of airline alliances. Well established airlines with large passengers' volumes are more likely to participate in an alliance and are also essential for alliance survivability. In line with this finding, older air-lines have a higher probability of being part of an alliance. Airlines operating with high load factors consider alliance participation as a significant alternative to fleet capacity expansion. As their market share grows, alliances become more appealing to airlines. Competitors' decision to enter an alliance tends to have a positive impact on alliance participation. The relatively similar magnitude and effect of the regressors' coefficients across different alliance choices, suggests that the airline's major decision is not to choose a specific alliance, but rather considering whether to enter into an alliance, as a possible strategy within its business model.Discrete choice model, Oneworld, Sky Team, Star Alliance.

Cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere with HelioProp

Before being detected at Earth, charged cosmic rays propagate across the Solar System and undergo interactions with the turbulent solar wind and with the heliospheric magnetic field. As a result, they are subject to a series of processes that include diffusion, convection, energy losses and drifts, which significantly affect the shape and the intensity of the cosmic-ray fluxes at low energies. Here we illustrate how all these mechanisms can be realistically modelled with HelioProp, our public tool designed to treat cosmic-ray transport through the heliosphere in a charge-dependent way. We present a detailed description of the features of the code and we illustrate in a quantitative way the effects that the propagation in the heliosphere can have on the different cosmic-ray species with a particular emphasis on the antiparticle channels relevant for dark matter indirect detection.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Proceedings of the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017), Bexco, Busan, Kore

One-point fluctuation analysis of IceCube neutrino events outlines a significant unassociated isotropic component and constrains the Galactic contribution

The origins of the extraterrestrial neutrinos observed in IceCube have yet to be determined. In this study we perform a one-point fluctuation analysis of the six-year high-energy starting event (HESE) shower data, with fixed non-Poissonian contributions from atmospheric, Galactic and some extragalactic components, as well as an isotropic (and weakly non-Poissonian) template. In addition to the star-forming galaxies and blazars, our analysis suggests the presence of an additional isotropic component, not associated with any known class of sources, with best-fit intensity of $(2.8\pm0.2)\times 10^{-18}\,(E/100~{\rm TeV})^{-2.7\pm 0.5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{sr}^{-1}\,\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}}$. For the first time, we also consider high-energy extrapolations of several phenomenological models for the diffuse Galactic emission (tuned to both local cosmic-ray data and diffuse gamma-ray emission in the GeV-TeV domain). We demonstrate the potential of our framework in discriminating between different scenarios, with possible implications on the physics of cosmic ray transport in the TeV-PeV range.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in PR

Airline Market Power and Intertemporal Price Dispersion

This paper analyzes the empirical relationship between market structure and price dispersion in the airline markets connecting the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Price dispersion is measured by a number of inequality indexes, calculated using fares posted on the Internet at specific days before takeoff. We find a negative correlation between market dominance and price dispersion; thus competition appears to hinder the airlines' ability to price discriminate to exploit consumers' heterogeneity in booking time preferences. Moreover, in the Christmas and Easter periods of high demand, fares are less dispersed, possibly because airlines target a less heterogenous set of consumers.Intertemporal pricing, competition, price dispersion.

On the progressive hardening of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum in the inner Galaxy

Spatial variations of the average properties that characterize the hadronic component of the diffuse Galactic cosmic-ray sea, in particular the spectral slope and normalization, may unveil critical information about their confinement mechanism in the Galaxy. In the first part of this paper we perform an analysis of the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray data with the SkyFACT package, which combines image reconstruction techniques with standard template fitting, isolate the hadronic emission and decompose it into Galactocentric rings. We find a significant hardening of the hadronic spectral index towards the molecular ring. We study this hardening in different energy ranges, and assess its resilience with respect to different prescriptions in the analysis setup. In the second part we quantify the contribution to the diffuse gamma-ray flux coming from unresolved point sources with a dedicated Monte Carlo simulation, and consider whether the trend characterized in the first part can be mimicked by a progressively more relevant flux associated to this component in the inner Galaxy. We find that the observed hardening of the hadronic spectral index cannot be due to unresolved sources in the sub-TeV energy range, especially outside the molecular ring, given reasonable assumptions about the unresolved source population.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figure