67 research outputs found
The State of Pore Fluid Pressure and 3-D Megathrust Earthquake Dynamics
We study the effects of pore fluid pressure (P-f) on the pre-earthquake, near-fault stress state, and 3-D earthquake rupture dynamics through six scenarios utilizing a structural model based on the 2004 M-w 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. As pre-earthquake P-f magnitude increases, effective normal stress and fault shear strength decrease. As a result, magnitude, slip, peak slip rate, stress drop, and rupture velocity of the scenario earthquakes decrease. Comparison of results with observations of the 2004 earthquake support that pre-earthquake P-f averages near 97% of lithostatic pressure, leading to pre-earthquake average shear and effective normal tractions of 4-5 and 22 MPa. The megathrust in these scenarios is weak, in terms of low mean shear traction at static failure and low dynamic friction coefficient during rupture. Apparent co-seismic principal stress rotations and absolute post-seismic stresses in these scenarios are consistent with the variety of observed aftershock focal mechanisms. In all scenarios, the mean apparent stress rotations are larger above than below the megathrust. Scenarios with larger P-f magnitudes exhibit lower mean apparent principal stress rotations. We further evaluate pre-earthquake P-f depth distribution. If P-f follows a sublithostatic gradient, pre-earthquake effective normal stress increases with depth. If P-f follows the lithostatic gradient exactly, then this normal stress is constant, shifting peak slip and peak slip rate updip. This renders constraints on near-trench strength and constitutive behavior crucial for mitigating hazard. These scenarios provide opportunity for future calibration with site-specific measurements to constrain dynamically plausible megathrust strength and P-f gradients
An introduction to semiparametric function-on-scalar regression
Function-on-scalar regression models feature a function over some domain as the response while the regressors are scalars. Collections of time series as well as 2D or 3D images can be considered as functional responses. We provide a hands-on introduction for a flexible semiparametric approach for function-on-scalar regression, using spatially referenced time series of ground velocity measurements from large-scale simulated earthquake data as a running example. We discuss important practical considerations and challenges in the modelling process and outline best practices. The outline of our approach is complemented by comprehensive R code, freely available in the online appendix. This text is aimed at analysts with a working knowledge of generalized regression models and penalized splines
A stable discontinuous Galerkin method for the perfectly matched layer for elastodynamics in first order form
We present a stable discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method with a perfectly
matched layer (PML) for three and two space dimensional linear elastodynamics,
in velocity-stress formulation, subject to well-posed linear boundary
conditions. First, we consider the elastodynamics equation, in a cuboidal
domain, and derive an unsplit PML truncating the domain using complex
coordinate stretching. Leveraging the hyperbolic structure of the underlying
system, we construct continuous energy estimates, in the time domain for the
elastic wave equation, and in the Laplace space for a sequence of PML model
problems, with variations in one, two and three space dimensions, respectively.
They correspond to PMLs normal to boundary faces, along edges and in corners.
Second, we develop a DG numerical method for the linear elastodynamics equation
using physically motivated numerical flux and penalty parameters, which are
compatible with all well-posed, internal and external, boundary conditions.
When the PML damping vanishes, by construction, our choice of penalty
parameters yield an upwind scheme and a discrete energy estimate analogous to
the continuous energy estimate. Third, to ensure numerical stability of the
discretization when PML damping is present, it is necessary to extend the
numerical DG fluxes, and the numerical inter-element and boundary procedures,
to the PML auxiliary differential equations. This is crucial for deriving
discrete energy estimates analogous to the continuous energy estimates. By
combining the DG spatial approximation with the high order ADER time stepping
scheme and the accuracy of the PML we obtain an arbitrarily accurate wave
propagation solver in the time domain. Numerical experiments are presented in
two and three space dimensions corroborating the theoretical results
Rapid 3D dynamic rupture modeling of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmara\c{s}, Turkey, 7.8 and 7.7 earthquake doublet
The 2023 Turkey Earthquake sequence involved unexpected ruptures across
numerous fault segments, challenging data interpretation efforts. We present
rapid, 3D dynamic rupture simulations to illuminate the complexities of the
7.8 and 7.7 earthquake doublet. Constrained by observations available
within days of the sequence, our models deliver timely, mechanically consistent
explanations for the unforeseen rupture paths, diverse rupture speeds, multiple
slip episodes, locally strong shaking, and fault system interactions. We
reconcile regional seismo-tectonics, rupture dynamics, and ground motions of a
fault system represented by ten curved dipping segments and a heterogeneous
stress field. Our simulations link both events matching geodetic and seismic
observations. The 7.8 earthquake features delayed backward branching from
a steeply intersecting splay fault, not requiring supershear speeds. The
asymmetrical dynamics of the distinct, bilateral 7.7 event is explained by
heterogeneous fault strength, prestress orientation, fracture energy, and
static stress changes from the previous event. Our models explain the northward
deviation of its western rupture and the minimal slip observed on the S\"urg\"u
fault. Rapidly developed 3D dynamic rupture scenarios can elucidate unexpected
observations shortly after major earthquakes, providing timely insights for
data-driven analysis and hazard assessment toward a comprehensive, physically
consistent understanding of the mechanics of multi-fault systems
Numerical simulations of seismo-acoustic nuisance patterns from an induced M1.8 earthquake in the Helsinki, southern Finland, metropolitan area
Irritating earthquake sounds, reported also at low ground shaking levels, can
negatively impact the social acceptance of geo-engineering applications.
Concurringly, earthquake sound patterns have been linked to faulting
mechanisms, thus opening possibilities for earthquake source characterisation.
Inspired by consistent reports of felt and heard disturbances associated with
the weeks-long stimulation of a 6 km-deep geothermal system in 2018 below the
Otaniemi district of Espoo, Helsinki, we conduct fully-coupled 3D numerical
simulations of wave propagation in solid Earth and the atmosphere. We assess
the sensitivity of ground shaking and audible noise distributions to the source
geometry of small induced earthquakes, using the largest recorded event in 2018
of magnitude ML=1.8. Utilizing recent computational advances, we are able to
model seismo-acoustic frequencies up to 25 Hz therefore reaching the lower
limit of human sound sensitivity. Our results provide for the first time
synthetic spatial nuisance distributions of audible sounds at the 50-100 m
scale for a densely populated metropolitan region. In five here presented 3D
coupled elastic-acoustic scenario simulations, we include the effects of
topography and subsurface structure, and analyse the audible loudness of
earthquake generated acoustic waves. We can show that in our region of
interest, S-waves are generating the loudest sound disturbance. We compare our
sound nuisance distributions to commonly used empirical relationships using
statistical analysis. We find that our 3D synthetics are generally smaller than
predicted empirically, and that the interplay of source-mechanism specific
radiation pattern and topography can add considerable non-linear contributions.
Our study highlights the complexity and information content of spatially
variable audible effects, even when caused by very small earthquakes.Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures. This paper has been submitted to the Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America for publicatio
Fault-size dependent fracture energy explains multi-scale seismicity and cascading earthquakes
Earthquakes vary in size over many orders of magnitude, yet the scaling of
the earthquake energy budget remains enigmatic. We propose that fundamentally
different "small-slip" and "large-slip" fracture processes govern earthquakes.
We combine seismological observations with a physics-based mechanical
earthquake model under flash-heating friction. We find that dynamic weakening
and restrengthening effects are non-negligible in the energy budget of small
earthquakes and establish a simple linear scaling relationship between
small-slip fracture energy and fault size. We use supercomputing to apply this
scaling and unveil volumetric "Mode-4" earthquake cascades involving
multi-scale fractures within a fault damage zone, capable of dynamically
triggering large earthquakes. Our findings provide an intuitive explanation of
seismicity across all scales with important implications for comprehending
earthquake nucleation and multi-fault rupture cascades.Comment: 41 pages, 10 figure
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