Dear British criminology: Where has all the race and racism gone?

In this article we use Emirbayer and Desmond’s institutional reflexivity framework to critically examine the production of racial knowledge in British criminology. Identifying weakness, neglect and marginalization in theorizing race and racism, we focus principally on the disciplinary unconscious element of their three-tier framework, identifying and interrogating aspects of criminology’s ‘obligatory problematics’, ‘habits of thought’ and ‘position-taking’ as well as its institutional structure and social relations that combine to render the discipline ‘institutionally white’. We also consider, briefly, aspects of criminology’s relationship to race, racism and whiteness in the USA. The final part of the article makes the case for British criminology to engage in telling and narrating racisms, urging it to understand the complexities of race in our subject matter, avoid its reduction to class and inequality, and to pay particular attention to reflexivity, history, sociology and language, turning to face race with postcolonial tools and resolve

Big data in sleep medicine: prospects and pitfalls in phenotyping

Matt T Bianchi,1,2 Kathryn Russo,1 Harriett Gabbidon,1 Tiaundra Smith,1 Balaji Goparaju,1 M Brandon Westover1 1Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Abstract: Clinical polysomnography (PSG) databases are a rich resource in the era of “big data” analytics. We explore the uses and potential pitfalls of clinical data mining of PSG using statistical principles and analysis of clinical data from our sleep center. We performed retrospective analysis of self-reported and objective PSG data from adults who underwent overnight PSG (diagnostic tests, n=1835). Self-reported symptoms overlapped markedly between the two most common categories, insomnia and sleep apnea, with the majority reporting symptoms of both disorders. Standard clinical metrics routinely reported on objective data were analyzed for basic properties (missing values, distributions), pairwise correlations, and descriptive phenotyping. Of 41 continuous variables, including clinical and PSG derived, none passed testing for normality. Objective findings of sleep apnea and periodic limb movements were common, with 51% having an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) >5 per hour and 25% having a leg movement index >15 per hour. Different visualization methods are shown for common variables to explore population distributions. Phenotyping methods based on clinical databases are discussed for sleep architecture, sleep apnea, and insomnia. Inferential pitfalls are discussed using the current dataset and case examples from the literature. The increasing availability of clinical databases for large-scale analytics holds important promise in sleep medicine, especially as it becomes increasingly important to demonstrate the utility of clinical testing methods in management of sleep disorders. Awareness of the strengths, as well as caution regarding the limitations, will maximize the productive use of big data analytics in sleep medicine. Keywords: polysomnography, sleep disorders, subjective symptoms, correlation, plotting, statistic

International perspectives on HIV/AIDS in schools: A call to action for school psychologists and educators

Rates of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as mortality and morbidity related to HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) depend, in part, on the resources available in the child’s country. HIV prevention and intervention efforts also are influenced by cultural factors. The purpose of this article is to summarize key findings from this special issue on international perspectives of HIV/AIDS in schools with a focus on neuropsychological and psychoeducational implications. After providing a brief summary of each article, we outline a call to action for school psychologists and educators

Characterizing Sexual Health Conversations Among Afro-Caribbean Families: Adolescent and Parent Perspectives

Black adolescents, including Black immigrants living in the United States, experience a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, which are linked to adolescents’ sexual decision making. Parent-child sex conversation is one effective strategy to aid adolescents in making responsible sexual decisions and reducing their sexual risk. Applying a theoretical framework, this qualitative study sought to characterize the perceptions, enablers, and nurturers of parent-child sex conversations among Afro-Caribbean families and their role in adolescent sexual development. The sample included 14 mother-adolescent dyads/triads (N = 31), recruited from four community-based organizations in MiamiDade County, Florida. Utilizing a narrative inquiry approach, researchers collected data on parent-child sex conversations within Haitian and Jamaican families. Thematic content analysis was used to generate themes and allowed for comparisons across groups. Positive perceptions of sex conversations were reported, yet families experienced frequent barriers to sex conversations, including discomfort and limited sexual health knowledge. Extended family and community members were identified as additional and alternate sex educators, often reinforcing common cultural sexual views such as abstinence. To promote healthy adolescent sexual development, Afro-Caribbean adolescents may benefit from parents, extended family, and community members acting as early interventionists, who can provide accurate and culturally appropriate sexual health messages to adolescents

Black Supporters of the No-Discrimination Thesis in Criminal Justice

This study examined a national sample of more than 600 Black Americans and their views on bias in the American criminal justice system. The research found that 26% of the Black respondents did not believe there was bias in the American criminal justice system. To explore the segment of respondents holding these views, we separated the sample into Blacks who believe there is bias in the system (referred to as the discrimination thesis or DT supporters) and those who opposed this belief (referred to as the no-discrimination thesis or NDT supporters). The NDT supporters were more likely to be younger, male, less educated, and have lower income than those respondents who supported the DT. NDT supporters were also more likely to believe that Blacks and Whites had equal job opportunities, have more confidence in the police, and believe that racism was not widespread. © 2013 SAGE Publications