Serous fluids and hematolymphoid disorders

Diagnosing hematolymphoid neoplasm by evaluating fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology sample is controversial and requires experience and clinical skills. This concept becomes more challenging when evaluating hematolymphoid neoplasm in body fluid. Differentiating between low-grade lymphoma and reactive lymphocytes is often difficult by morphology alone as reactive lymphoid cells may acquire activation morphology from being exposed to different cytokines within the body fluid. However, in most cases there are specific features that may aid in differentiating small reactive from non-reactive lymphocytes including the round shape of the nucleus, the absence of visible nucleoli and the presence of fine clumped chromatin. In large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells involvement of body fluid this concept becomes less challenging. Large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells tend to have large size nuclei, less mature chromatin, and visible nucleoli with and without cytoplasmic vacuoles. However, to reach accurate diagnosis and subclassification, the utilizing of flow cytometry, to confirm monoclonality, and other ancillary studies such immunocytochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular studies is needed. This review article will be incorporated finally as one of the chapters in CMAS (CytoJournal Monograph/Atlas Series) #2. It is modified slightly from the chapter by the initial authors in the first edition of Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids.</jats:p

Flow cytometry, molecular analysis, and other special techniques (in Serous Fluid Cytopathology)

Morphological and architectural pattern evaluations play a major role in the rpretation of hematopoietic neoplasms. However, confirmation of diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and risk stratification are highly dependent on the utilization of multiple ancillary studies. The importance of these ancillary studies increases in evaluating serous fluid samples, as these samples lack architecture and patterns. Likewise, the morphology can be disturbed by sample preparation. The most common ancillary studies utilized are flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry for immunophenotyping, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), cytogenetics for structural and gene rearrangements, and molecular studies for mutational analysis. Among them, flow cytometry analysis is the handiest test to perform with high diagnostic yield on serous fluid specimens. In this article we will discuss the use, caveat, and role of the most common ancillary studies on serous fluid specimen evaluation. This review article will be incorporated finally as one of the chapters in CMAS (CytoJournal Monograph/Atlas Series) #2. It is modified slightly from the chapter by the initial authors (Choladda Vejabhuti, MD and Chung-Che (Jeff) Chang, MD, PhD) in the first edition of Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids.</jats:p

Some generalised radiation field integrals

AbstractIn this paper, two families of integrals that are generalisations of the radiation field integrals are considered: Iλμ,ν(τ,a,b)=∫0b∫0aø(μ,ν;-τα2+(β2+1)λα2+(β2+1)λdαdβ, and Yλ,λ,′μ,ν(τ,a,b)=∫0b∫0aø(μ,ν;-ταλ+(βλ′+1)λαlambda;+(βλ′+1)λdαdβ,where μ, ν, λ and λ' are arbitrary constants except that ν ≠ 0, −1, −2,…, and ø(μ,ν;x) is the confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind. They are expressed in the form of an infinite series and the corresponding coefficients are evaluated. Some particular cases are mentioned. Algorithms for the tabulation of these integrals are developed and tables (with better precision than those available in the literature) for numerical values have been obtained for some parameter values