Supersonic Flow onto Solid Wedges, Multidimensional Shock Waves and Free Boundary Problems

When an upstream steady uniform supersonic flow impinges onto a symmetric straight-sided wedge, governed by the Euler equations, there are two possible steady oblique shock configurations if the wedge angle is less than the detachment angle -- the steady weak shock with supersonic or subsonic downstream flow (determined by the wedge angle that is less or larger than the sonic angle) and the steady strong shock with subsonic downstream flow, both of which satisfy the entropy condition. The fundamental issue -- whether one or both of the steady weak and strong shocks are physically admissible solutions -- has been vigorously debated over the past eight decades. In this paper, we survey some recent developments on the stability analysis of the steady shock solutions in both the steady and dynamic regimes. For the static stability, we first show how the stability problem can be formulated as an initial-boundary value type problem and then reformulate it into a free boundary problem when the perturbation of both the upstream steady supersonic flow and the wedge boundary are suitably regular and small, and we finally present some recent results on the static stability of the steady supersonic and transonic shocks. For the dynamic stability for potential flow, we first show how the stability problem can be formulated as an initial-boundary value problem and then use the self-similarity of the problem to reduce it into a boundary value problem and further reformulate it into a free boundary problem, and we finally survey some recent developments in solving this free boundary problem for the existence of the Prandtl-Meyer configurations that tend to the steady weak supersonic or transonic oblique shock solutions as time goes to infinity. Some further developments and mathematical challenges in this direction are also discussed.Comment: 19 pages; 8 figures; accepted by Science China Mathematics on February 22, 2017 (invited survey paper). doi: 10.1007/s11425-016-9045-

Weak Continuity and Compactness for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

We present several examples of fundamental problems involving weak continuity and compactness for nonlinear partial differential equations, in which compensated compactness and related ideas have played a significant role. We first focus on the compactness and convergence of vanishing viscosity solutions for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws, including the inviscid limit from the Navier-Stokes equations to the Euler equations for homentropy flow, the vanishing viscosity method to construct the global spherically symmetric solutions to the multidimensional compressible Euler equations, and the sonic-subsonic limit of solutions of the full Euler equations for multidimensional steady compressible fluids. We then analyze the weak continuity and rigidity of the Gauss-Codazzi-Ricci system and corresponding isometric embeddings in differential geometry. Further references are also provided for some recent developments on the weak continuity and compactness for nonlinear partial differential equations.Comment: 29 page

Solutions for a Nonlocal Conservation Law with Fading Memory

Global entropy solutions in $BV$ for a scalar nonlocal conservation law with fading memory are constructed as limits of vanishing viscosity approximate solutions. The uniqueness and stability of entropy solutions in $BV$ are established, which also yield the existence of entropy solutions in $L^\infty$ while the initial data is only in $L^\infty$. Moreover, if the memory kernel depends on a relaxation parameter \de>0 and tends to a delta measure weakly as measures when \de\to 0+, then the global entropy solution sequence in $BV$ converges to an admissible solution in $BV$ for the corresponding local conservation law.Comment: 11 pages. Proceedings of American Mathematical Society, 2006 (to appear

Global Solutions of Shock Reflection by Large-Angle Wedges for Potential Flow

When a plane shock hits a wedge head on, it experiences a reflection-diffraction process and then a self-similar reflected shock moves outward as the original shock moves forward in time. Experimental, computational, and asymptotic analysis has shown that various patterns of shock reflection may occur, including regular and Mach reflection. However, most of the fundamental issues for shock reflection have not been understood, including the global structure, stability, and transition of the different patterns of shock reflection. Therefore, it is essential to establish the global existence and structural stability of solutions of shock reflection in order to understand fully the phenomena of shock reflection. On the other hand, there has been no rigorous mathematical result on the global existence and structural stability of shock reflection, including the case of potential flow which is widely used in aerodynamics. Such problems involve several challenging difficulties in the analysis of nonlinear partial differential equations such as mixed equations of elliptic-hyperbolic type, free boundary problems, and corner singularity where an elliptic degenerate curve meets a free boundary. In this paper we develop a rigorous mathematical approach to overcome these difficulties involved and establish a global theory of existence and stability for shock reflection by large-angle wedges for potential flow. The techniques and ideas developed here will be useful for other nonlinear problems involving similar difficulties.Comment: 108 page

Vanishing Viscosity Limit of the Navier-Stokes Equations to the Euler Equations for Compressible Fluid Flow

We establish the vanishing viscosity limit of the Navier-Stokes equations to the isentropic Euler equations for one-dimensional compressible fluid flow. For the Navier-Stokes equations, there exist no natural invariant regions for the equations with the real physical viscosity term so that the uniform sup-norm of solutions with respect to the physical viscosity coefficient may not be directly controllable and, furthermore, convex entropy-entropy flux pairs may not produce signed entropy dissipation measures. To overcome these difficulties, we first develop uniform energy-type estimates with respect to the viscosity coefficient for the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations and establish the existence of measure-valued solutions of the isentropic Euler equations generated by the Navier-Stokes equations. Based on the uniform energy-type estimates and the features of the isentropic Euler equations, we establish that the entropy dissipation measures of the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for weak entropy-entropy flux pairs, generated by compactly supported $C^2$ test functions, are confined in a compact set in $H^{-1}$, which lead to the existence of measure-valued solutions that are confined by the Tartar-Murat commutator relation. A careful characterization of the unbounded support of the measure-valued solution confined by the commutator relation yields the reduction of the measure-valued solution to a Delta mass, which leads to the convergence of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations to a finite-energy entropy solution of the isentropic Euler equations.Comment: 30 page

Stability of Transonic Shocks in Steady Supersonic Flow past Multidimensional Wedges

We are concerned with the stability of multidimensional (M-D) transonic shocks in steady supersonic flow past multidimensional wedges. One of our motivations is that the global stability issue for the M-D case is much more sensitive than that for the 2-D case, which requires more careful rigorous mathematical analysis. In this paper, we develop a nonlinear approach and employ it to establish the stability of weak shock solutions containing a transonic shock-front for potential flow with respect to the M-D perturbation of the wedge boundary in appropriate function spaces. To achieve this, we first formulate the stability problem as a free boundary problem for nonlinear elliptic equations. Then we introduce the partial hodograph transformation to reduce the free boundary problem into a fixed boundary value problem near a background solution with fully nonlinear boundary conditions for second-order nonlinear elliptic equations in an unbounded domain. To solve this reduced problem, we linearize the nonlinear problem on the background shock solution and then, after solving this linearized elliptic problem, develop a nonlinear iteration scheme that is proved to be contractive.Comment: 41 pages, 10 figure

Stability of Steady Multi-Wave Configurations for the Full Euler Equations of Compressible Fluid Flow

We are concerned with the stability of steady multi-wave configurations for the full Euler equations of compressible fluid flow. In this paper, we focus on the stability of steady four-wave configurations that are the solutions of the Riemann problem in the flow direction, consisting of two shocks, one vortex sheet, and one entropy wave, which is one of the core multi-wave configurations for the two-dimensional Euler equations. It is proved that such steady four-wave configurations in supersonic flow are stable in structure globally, even under the BV perturbation of the incoming flow in the flow direction. In order to achieve this, we first formulate the problem as the Cauchy problem (initial value problem) in the flow direction, and then develop a modified Glimm difference scheme and identify a Glimm-type functional to obtain the required BV estimates by tracing the interactions not only between the strong shocks and weak waves, but also between the strong vortex sheet/entropy wave and weak waves. The key feature of the Euler equations is that the reflection coefficient is always less than 1, when a weak wave of different family interacts with the strong vortex sheet/entropy wave or the shock wave, which is crucial to guarantee that the Glimm functional is decreasing. Then these estimates are employed to establish the convergence of the approximate solutions to a global entropy solution, close to the background solution of steady four-wave configuration.Comment: 9 figures

Weak Continuity of the Cartan Structural System and Compensated Compactness on Semi-Riemannian Manifolds with Lower Regularity

We are concerned with the global weak continuity of the Cartan structural system -- or equivalently, the Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci system -- on semi-Riemannian manifolds with lower regularity. For this purpose, we first formulate and prove a geometric compensated compactness theorem on vector bundles over semi-Riemannian manifolds with lower regularity (Theorem 3.2), extending the classical quadratic theorem of compensated compactness. We then deduce the $L^p$ weak continuity of the Cartan structural system for $p>2$: For a family $\{\mathcal{W}_\varepsilon\}$ of connection $1$-forms on a semi-Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$, if $\{\mathcal{W}_\varepsilon\}$ is uniformly bounded in $L^p$ and satisfies the Cartan structural system, then any weak $L^p$ limit of $\{\mathcal{W}_\varepsilon\}$ is also a solution of the Cartan structural system. Moreover, it is proved that isometric immersions of semi-Riemannian manifolds into semi-Euclidean spaces can be constructed from the weak solutions of the Cartan structural system or the Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci system (Theorem 5.1), which leads to the $L^p$ weak continuity of the Gauss--Codazzi--Ricci system on semi-Riemannian manifolds. As further applications, the weak continuity of Einstein's constraint equations, general immersed hypersurfaces, and the quasilinear wave equations is also established.Comment: 64 page