EFL listening development through diagnosis: an assessment-based study of listening sub-skills using Rasch measurement

The lack of informed knowledge about listening subskills and their relationships has hindered the development of the diagnostic English language track assessment (DELTA) in three participating Hong Kong universities. This study investigates English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' listening proficiency development in understanding different spoken genres in the Hong Kong Chinese tertiary contexts. It aims to: i) identify the subskills and/or cognitive processes that underlie student performance on the DELTA listening component; ii) examine the difficulty levels of the DELTA listening subskills, and, consequentially, their hierarchical order; iii) investigate the impact of text type on difficulty level and the hierarchical order of the subskills; and iv) infer principles underlying the development of listening proficiency in the Hong Kong tertiary education contexts. A multi-method approach was employed for data collection and analysis. The primary quantitative data were derived from the DELTA listening component items answered by 2830 Chinese ELF learners who studied in their first or second year in the DELTA participating universities in the 2013-14 academic year. The item pool included 207 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) from 33 texts of three text types – conversation, interview and lecture. Each MCQ is intended to measure a particular listening subskill, including: 1) identifying specific information (SSK1); 2) understanding main idea and supporting ideas (SSK2); 3) understanding information and making an inference (SSK3); 4) interpreting a word or phrase as used by the speaker (SSK4); 5) inferring the attitude or intention of the speaker (SSK5); and 6) inferring the speaker's reasoning (SSK6). By adopting inter-related Rasch analyses using Winsteps and Facets, all test items were calibrated and analysed to determine their difficulty measures and their respective difficulties across the three text types. Qualitative Stimulated Recall Protocol (SRP) discussions were then conducted with 62 examinees of varying estimated listening abilities one month later, in a simulated test situation, where the test-taking process was video-recorded and the participants were asked to recall and to verbalise their thought processes and strategies they used to answer each question. The SRP results reveal an array of both cognitive processes and test-taking strategies in the listening comprehension and test-answering process. Firstly, various combinations of cognitive processes were utilised by both the high and low ability examinees to answer questions targeting the same listening sub-skill; however, the dominant cognitive process that was reported to have been used to answer each question corresponded with the particular listening subskill intended by DELTA item writers. Secondly, an array of test-taking strategies best identified as elimination, and guessing, were reported as used by examinees during the test. While this finding might not be surprising given the exam-oriented atmosphere prevailing in Hong Kong secondary school education, it alerted the researcher to scrutinise the validity of the DELTA listening component. The most striking observation from the listening test analysis is that, the DELTA listening subskills are measurably separable from each other, and a hierarchical pattern is established. In terms of their interaction with text type, the results showed that SSK1 and SSK6 were, respectively, the easiest and the most difficult subskills, whereas the hierarchical orders of the other four subskills varied across the three text types. More generally, these findings provide empirical evidence for the proposition that EFL listening comprehension is composed of multiple listening subskills, which operate interactively and interdependently in the listening process. The results regarding the difficulty level and the hierarchy of listening subskills corroborate the findings of prior research that low-level processing, such as identifying specific information, poses less challenge than high-level processing, such as summarising and inferencing. Because of the complexity in the interaction between text type and listening subskills, it is difficult to identify an overarching hierarchical order of the six listening subskills across the three text types. A general pattern, however, is that the difficulty increased from SSK1, SSK2 to SSK6 irrespective of the text type, and this corresponds to the general subskill hierarchy. The study will benefit teachers and students with diagnostic profiling and bridge the gap in diagnostic test design with targeted items of appropriate difficulty for predicting learners' listening development. It will extend second language acquisition theory with a hierarchical trajectory of listening proficiency growth. Limitations and future research recommendations are discussed

Gamifying a Map-based Feedback Service to Support Youth Participation in City Improvement

In recent years, youth has been recognized as an indispensable stakeholder of city environment. On the one hand, young citizens who have intentions to contribute their community should be given an opportunity to express ideas. On the other hand, it is necessary for city agencies to listen to the needs from young generation to create a more livable and friendly city environment. Since location is considered as an essential attribute of human activities, local knowledge of residents always has a direct relation with spatial data. Thus, utilizing Geography Information System (GIS) has been developed to help public to participant in improving city environment, that is, Public Participation Geography Information System (PPGIS). However, younger people are thought to be less attracted by traditional political engagement, and annoyed with authoritative and tough tone. Thus, gamification as an innovative and increase popular trend has been implemented in a variety of youth-related applications and projects. Gamification is proposed to fulfill the desires of young people in the aspects of achievement, social, and immersion. The effects of gamification individuals with different player types and preferences of games to some degree. The research in thesis is conducted in connection with All-Youth project based in Finland, which is a multidisciplinary research project to enhance the connection with young people and their communities. This thesis focuses on applying gamification into digital public feedback service to motivate and sustain youth participation. Firstly, the discussion of related work includes status of youth participation in city planning, digital map technology used in public participation, and definition, content, and benefits of gamification. Secondly, three map-based tools for different purpose of public participation are studied to evaluate their usability and aesthetic quality. Thirdly, a gamified feedback service is prototyped based on initial user research and analysis. Finally, the effects of the gamified prototype are evaluated in user testing with the comparison to a control prototype without gamification. The results suggest that gamification can have positive effects on attractiveness and hedonic system qualities, while it may also influence on pragmatic quality. Overall, the research of this thesis can be considered as a successful attempt to gamify the public map-based platform which could have influence on youth engagement

Junior High School Teachers’ Feedback Giving and Perceptions of the CSE Writing Scale

Chinese EFL learners’ deficiencies in writing have become increasingly apparent in their secondary education, especially in the originality of ideas and the logic of arguments. However, they may not be made aware of this as many teachers still use traditional feedback such as a single score to mark and report on students’ performance. The Writing Scale of China’s Standards of English Language Ability (hereinafter referred to as the CSE Writing Scale) released in 2018 provides a framework of reference against which Chinese students’ English writing ability can be assessed. It consists of descriptors of writing ability in different contexts and genres. It makes detailed and analytical feedbacking possible and has far-reaching implications for the development of formative assessment in English teaching. Nevertheless, to date, there has been scarce empirical research as to whether teachers actually use the Writing Scale in teaching and whether they are able to utilize it in an effective way.    This study aims to investigate the current situation of feedback giving in junior high school and teachers’ views of and attitudes towards the application of the CSE Writing Scale. Through a questionnaire and interviews with the teachers, the study revealed three major findings. Firstly, although teachers were aware of the importance of giving feedback on students’ writing, they had problem providing individualized comments on student writing. Secondly, students had difficulty understanding teachers’ feedback. Lastly, teachers were generally not familiar with the CSE Writing Scale and concerned whether it could be effectively used in the process of feedback giving. Conclusions are drawn together with implications and recommendations for teachers to resolve the problems identified.

Research on the causes of earthwork foundation pit collapse based on Fault tree and Bayesian network

With the rapid development of the construction industry, construction safety accidents frequently occur. Among these accidents, earthwork foundation pit collapse, as a subset of construction accidents, often causes significant casualties and economic losses due to the self-weight of collapsed materials and the extensive area affected. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of construction safety and collapse accidents and their relationships in order to facilitate effective supervision and prevention during the construction process. Firstly, text mining is conducted on historical construction safety accident reports using R language tools and the TF-IDF algorithm to obtain keywords related to accident causative factors. Then the risk factors are analyzed to establish the basic event, intermediate event, and top event of the accident, to construct a fault tree of casualties caused by earthwork foundation pit collapse accidents and analyze the structural importance of risk factors. Finally, the fault tree is transformed to a Bayesian network using image mapping and numerical mapping to enable the analysis of node sensitivity and the prediction of top event probability to provide scientific reference for safety accident prediction and prevention

Mx2M: Masked Cross-Modality Modeling in Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentation

Existing methods of cross-modal domain adaptation for 3D semantic segmentation predict results only via 2D-3D complementarity that is obtained by cross-modal feature matching. However, as lacking supervision in the target domain, the complementarity is not always reliable. The results are not ideal when the domain gap is large. To solve the problem of lacking supervision, we introduce masked modeling into this task and propose a method Mx2M, which utilizes masked cross-modality modeling to reduce the large domain gap. Our Mx2M contains two components. One is the core solution, cross-modal removal and prediction (xMRP), which makes the Mx2M adapt to various scenarios and provides cross-modal self-supervision. The other is a new way of cross-modal feature matching, the dynamic cross-modal filter (DxMF) that ensures the whole method dynamically uses more suitable 2D-3D complementarity. Evaluation of the Mx2M on three DA scenarios, including Day/Night, USA/Singapore, and A2D2/SemanticKITTI, brings large improvements over previous methods on many metrics

Effects of domestic cooking process on the chemical and biological properties of dietary phytochemicals

peer-reviewedFoods are good sources of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers as well as phytochemicals, which are beneficial for the human body as nutritional supplements. The nutritional value (crude fibers, crude proteins, crude fats, flavonols, carotenoids, polyphenols, glucosinolate, chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid) and biological or functional properties (antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, or anti-mutagenic activity) of foods can be well retained and protected with the appropriate cooking methods. The chemical, physical and enzyme modifications that occur during cooking will alter the dietary phytochemical antioxidant capacity and digestibility. This paper reviewed the recent advances on the effects of domestic cooking process on the chemical and biological properties of dietary phytochemicals. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying these changes were discussed, and additional implications and future research goals were suggested. The domestic cooking process for improving the palatability of foods and increasing the bioavailability of nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals has been well supported

GATA binding protein 2 mediates leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in hepatic stellate cells and contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation

AbstractHepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a crucial step in the development of liver fibrosis. Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts a key role in the inhibition of HSC activation. Leptin reduces PPARγ expression in HSCs and plays a unique role in promoting liver fibrosis. The present studies aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying leptin regulation of PPARγ1 (a major subtype of PPARγ) in HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Results revealed a leptin response region in mouse PPARγ1 promoter and indicated that the region included a GATA binding protein binding site around position −2323. GATA binding protein-2 (GATA-2) could bind to the site and inhibit PPARγ1 promoter activity in HSCs. Leptin induced GATA-2 expression in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. GATA-2 mediated leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression by its binding site in PPARγ1 promoter in HSCs and GATA-2 promoted HSC activation. Leptin upregulated GATA-2 expression through β-catenin and sonic hedgehog pathways in HSCs. Leptin-induced increase in GATA-2 was accompanied by the decrease in PPARγ expression in HSCs and by the increase in the activated HSC number and liver fibrosis in vivo. Our data might suggest a possible new explanation for the promotion effect of leptin on liver fibrogenesis

Single-port laparoscopic sacrospinous ligament suspension via the natural vaginal cavity (SvNOTES) for pelvic prolapse: The first feasibility study

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the feasibility and short-term efficacy of single-port laparoscopic-assisted transvaginal natural cavity endoscopic sacrospinous ligament suspensions (SvNOTES).MethodsA total of 30 patients diagnosed with anterior or/and middle pelvic organ prolapse Stages III and IV underwent natural vaginal cavity (SvNOTES), and 30 patients who underwent conventional sacrospinous ligament (SSLF) were used as a control group. The operation time, blood loss, postoperative POP-Q score, length of hospital stay, and complications were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe operation time for SvNOTE was (60 ± 13) min, which was longer than (30 ± 15) min for SSLF (P = 0.04). However, the bleeding amount in SvNOTE was 29.44 ± 2.56, significantly lower than that in the SSLF group (80 ± 10; P = 0.02), and the postoperative hospital stay in the SvNOTE group was (4 ± 2) days, longer than (3 ± 1) days in SSLF (P = 0.02). However, there were no intraoperative complications in the SvNOTE group, whereas one ureteral injury occurred in the SSLF group; in addition, the postoperative POP-Q score was significantly better in the SvNOTE group than that in the SSLF group with increasing time (P < 0.001).ConclusionCompared with SSLF, single-port laparoscopic sacrospinous ligament suspension via the natural vaginal cavity is visualized, greatly improving the success rate of sacrospinous ligament fixation, with less blood loss and fewer complications, arguably a safer and minimally invasive surgical approach