Efflux in Fungi: La Pièce de Résistance

Pathogens must be able to overcome both host defenses and antimicrobial treatment in order to successfully infect and maintain colonization of the host. One way fungi accomplish this feat and overcome intercellular toxin accumulation is efflux pumps, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporters and transporters of the major facilitator superfamily. Members of these two superfamilies remove many toxic compounds by coupling transport with ATP hydrolysis or a proton gradient, respectively. Fungal genomes encode a plethora of members of these families of transporters compared to other organisms. In this review we discuss the role these two fungal superfamilies of transporters play in virulence and resistance to antifungal agents. These efflux transporters are responsible not only for export of compounds involved in pathogenesis such as secondary metabolites, but also export of host-derived antimicrobial compounds. In addition, we examine the current knowledge of these transporters in resistance of pathogens to clinically relevant antifungal agents

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Not AvailableTHE ARTICLE PRESENTS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS THE CONSTRUCTION OF BENCH TERRACES IN HIMALAYAN REGION. SPECIFICATIONS OF IRRIGATED BENCHES WITH RESPECT TO VARIOUS SLOPE HAVE BEEN PROVIDED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableHYDROLOGICAL MONITORING OF WATERSHEDS FORMS AS ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT. IN THIS PAPER, THE STRUCTURAL DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENTS OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS AT NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CONTROLS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER PRESENTS RESULTS OF A STUDY ON HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR VIS- A VIS CONSTRUCTION AND RATING OF THE FLUME PERTAINING TO A REMOTE MOUNTAINOUS FOURTH ORDER WATERSHED WITH 87% FOREST COVER IN THE LOWER HIMALAYAS WITH 63% MEAN SLOPE. THE CONSTRAINTS IN CONSTRUCTION AND GAUGING SUCH WATERSHEDS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA SMALL WATERSHED NEAR SAHASTRADHARA ( DEHRADUN) WAS SELECTED IN 1983 FOR REHABILITATION THROUGH SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES. THESE MEASURES HAVE RESULTED IN REDUCTION OF RUNOFF FROM 57 TO 39.5% DURING MONSOON PERIOD AND HAVE INCREASED THE FLOW DURING LEAN PERIOD FROM PRACTICALLY ZERO TO ABOUT 800 cu m PER DAY. THE QUALITY OF WATER HAS ALSO IMPROVED WHICH IS SAFE FOR DRINKING PRUPOSES.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE CSWCRTI , DEHRADUN CONDUCTED A SERIES OF RESEARCH STUDIES AT AN ABANDONED LIMESTONE MINED WATERSHED AT SAHSATRADHARA IN THE MUSSORIE HILLS AND EVOLVED A PACKAGE INCLUDING ENGINEERING AND BIOLOGICAL MEASURES TO REHABILITATE THE SAME. IN THIS PAPER , THESE MEASURES ARE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER DEALS WITH TRAPEZOIDAL FLUMES WHICH HAVE BEEN FOUND SUITABLE FOR GAUGING OF HILLY WATERSHEDS IN HIMALAYAS WITH HEAVY SEDIMENT LADEN FLOWS. THEY HAVE AN ADDED ADVANTAGE OVER THE WEIRS THAT THEY CAN BE USED IN STREAMS WITH LOW GRADIENTS AND ALSO AT STEEP CHANNEL SLOPES . SUCH FLUMES HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED TO GAUGE WATERSHEDS WITH DIFFERENT LANDUSES VIZ AGRICULTURE, FOREST AND MINED. WATERSHED AREAS VARYING FROM 25 TO 328 ha WITH PEAK DISCHARGE OF 7-48 CUMECS HAVE BEEN GAUGED. DESIGN , PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRAPEZOIDAL FLUMES ARE DISCUSSED IN GREATER DETAILS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER DISCUSSES THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING ACTIVITY AND REHABILITATION OF A SMALL ABANDONED LIMESTONE MINED WATERSHED LOCATED AT SAHATRADHARA ( DEHRADUN) . VARIOUS ENGINEERING MEASURES ADOPTED TO RETAIN DEBRIS IN THE WATERSHED AND REDUCE THE CHANNEL SLOPE INCLUDED GABION CHECK DAMS AND CROSS BARRIERS, SILT DETENTION BASINS, SPURS , TOE WALLS ETC. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES LIKE PLANTING OF SUITABLE SPECIES OF TREES , SHRUBS AND GRASSES WERE CARRIED OUT. GEO- JUTE MATTING WAS USED IN STABILIZING LANDSLIDE AREAS. AS A RESULT OF THESE MEASURES, THE MONSOON RUNOFF HAS BEEN REDUCED CONSIDERABLY AND THE FLOW DURING LEAN PERIOD HAS INCREASED MAKING CHANNELS PERENNIAL. THE WATER QUALITY HAS ALSO IMPROVED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE USUAL PRACTICE OF CULTIVATION IN GARHWAL HIMALAYAS IS TO CONSTRUCT OUTWARDLY SLOPING RAINFED BENCH TERRACES RESULTING IN CONSIDERABLE SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES. THREE METHODS OF RENOVATING SUCH BENCHES HAVE BEEN TRIED, (I) CONVENTIONAL METHOD BY COMPLETE LEVELLING, (II) SHOULDER BUNDING WITH MINOR LEVELLING AND (III) SHOULDER BUNDING ( EARTHEN/ STONE- CUM- EARTH) ALONE. SHOULDER BUNDING WAS FOUND COST EFFECTIVE AND THE LEVELLED TERRACES THUS MADE WITHIN A DURATION OF 3 YEARS CAN BE MADE PRODUCTIVE WITH APPLICATION OF IMPROVED CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND IRRIGATION.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableLIMESTONE MINESPOIL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT SITES AROUND MUSSOORIE HILLS WERE CHARACTERIZED FOR IMPORTANT PROPERTIES SO THAT SUITABLE MEASURES FOR STABILIZATION OF THESE AREAS COULD BE IDENTIFIED. MINESPOILS WERE FOUND MAINLY COMPOSED OF SHALES, SCHISTS CHART, LOOSE ROCKS AND LIMESTONE MIXED WITH SOIL. STABILIZATION MEASURES INCLUDED GABION DROP STRUCTURES UPTO 40 % SLOPE SILT , SILT DETENTION BASIS UPTO 20% SLOPE, CONSTRUCTION OF LOGWOOD, BRUSHWOOD AND LOOSE ROCK FILLED CHECKDAMS, STONE FILLED LOGWOOD , CRIB STRUCTURES, TOE AND RETAINING WALLS , TERRACING , CONTOUR TRENCHING , CONTOUR WATTLING , GEOJUTE / NETLON MATTING ETC. THE VEGETATIVE MEASURES INCLUDED PLANTING OF SUITABLE GRASS, SHRUB AND TREE SPECIES.Not Availabl