French vocabulary in Encore Tricolore: do pupils have a chance?

British learners acquire very little vocabulary in their foreign languages,compared to pupils elsewhere in Europe, particularly learners of English as aforeign language. Could the materials used for teaching help explain thisdifference? An analysis of the vocabulary loading of a textbook for French as aforeign language commonly used in Britain, Encore Tricolore (Mascie-Taylor andHonnor, 2001, Cheltenham, UK, Nelson Thornes), was carried out with thisquestion in mind. An analysis of the vocabulary suggests that it is not introducedand practised in a way that is conducive to building a sufficiently large vocabularyto reach level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference forLanguages (CEFR)

The Metallicity-Luminosity Relation, Effective Yields, and Metal Loss in Spiral and Irregular Galaxies

I present results on the correlation between galaxy mass, luminosity, and metallicity for a sample of spiral and irregular galaxies having well-measured abundance profiles, distances, and rotation speeds. Additional data for low surface brightness galaxies from the literature are also included for comparison. These data are combined to study the metallicity-luminosity and metallicity-rotation speed correlations for spiral and irregular galaxies. The metallicity luminosity correlation shows its familiar form for these galaxies, a roughly uniform change in the average present-day O/H abundance of about a factor 100 over 11 magnitudes in B luminosity. However, the O/H - V(rot) relation shows a change in slope at a rotation speed of about 125 km/sec. At faster V(rot), there appears to be no relation between average metallicity and rotation speed. At lower V(rot), the metallicity correlates with rotation speed. This change in behavior could be the result of increasing loss of metals from the smaller galaxies in supernova-driven winds. This idea is tested by looking at the variation in effective yield, derived from observed abundances and gas fractions assuming closed box chemical evolution. The effective yields derived for spiral and irregular galaxies increase by a factor of 10-20 from V(rot) approximately 5 km/sec to V(rot) approximately 300 km/sec, asympotically increasing to approximately constant y(eff) for V(rot) > 150 km/sec. The trend suggests that galaxies with V(rot) < 100-150 km/sec may lose a large fraction of their SN ejecta, while galaxies above this value tend to retain metals.Comment: 40 pages total, including 7 encapsulated postscript figures. Accepted for publication in 20 Dec 2002 Ap

Tiếng pháp vỡ lòng = Le Francais élémentaire

221 tr.; 19 cm