Cinsiyet ve spor katılım dayalı dinamik ve statik denge farkları.

Soccer possibly has the majority fans and may be the most fashionable sport in the global sporting field and at least 240 million people frequently participate in soccer (FIFA, 2000). While adolescence players are mostly not professional and have no fiscal worth for their school or probably for their clubs, but their sustained physical condition and security has a critical value. The matter of balance is considered as one of the critical issues in sports especially in soccer. On the other hand human beings are bipeds so walking, running, and standing over the ground causes a critical challenge to their balance system. The purpose of this study is to compare the static and dynamic balance performance of males and females, and of athletes and sedentary collegiate adolescents. Participants were 37 sedentary university students (M = 27.67, SD = 3.24 y) and 36 soccer players (M = 21.60, SD = 2.28 y). The tests for evaluating static and dynamic balance were One-leg Standing Balance & Star Excursion Balance Tests respectively. Results of MANOVA indicated a significant main effect for sport participation (Wilks' Lambda = .620, F (4, 66) = 10.123, p .05, partial η2 = .042). Similarly, no significant interaction effect was observed for gender and sport participation as independent variables with four levels of balance performance as the dependent variables (Wilks' Lambda = .941, F (4, 66) = 1.028, P=.400; p > .05, partial η2 = .05).M.S. - Master of Scienc

Farklı uyarı hızı, egzersiz şiddeti ve deneyim düzeyinin badmintonculardaki sezinleme zamanı performansı üzerine etkisi

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stimulus speed, exercise intensity, and experience level (experienced, novice, & sedentary) on coincidence- anticipation timing performance of adolescent badminton players. 139 participants consist of experienced (n=42), novice (n=43) badminton players, and sedentary (n=54) with the age range of 11 to 17 years old voluntarily participated in the presented study after ethical approval. Coincidence anticipation timing scores was evaluated by Bassin Anticipation Timer apparatus at 1 mph (low), 3 mph (middle) and 5 mph (high) stimulus speeds using an incremental running protocol under different exercise intensities a) Rest, b) 70%, and c) 90% Heart Rate Reserve on a treadmill. The results (Raw scores) were converted into two types of errors (Absolute & Variable Errors), representing accuracy and variability, correspondingly. Mixed model ANOVAs demonstrated that badminton players performed significantly better than sedentary participants for both absolute and variable errors, also experienced players performed better than beginner badminton players 7 and sedentary participants. The results also showed that there were significant differences among stimulus speeds of both groups in 70 % exercise intensity. Additionally, there was no significant difference between experienced and novice players in 90% exercise intensity. The findings of this study concluded that novice players and sedentary participants had some difficulties anticipating high stimulus speed in rest conditions and high exercise intensity compared to experienced badminton players. So, the outcomes of the presented study offer that badminton trainers should make training sessions of novice players working with each other at high speeds.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Graduate School of Social Sciences. Physical Education and Sports

Tenisçilerde ve spor yapmayanlarda sezinleme zamanı: Yorgunluk, uyarı hızı ve cinsiyet etkisi

Bu proje ile Tenis sporu yapan bireylerin karar verme süreçlerinden en önemlilerinden bir tanesi olan sezinleme ve reaksiyon zamanlarını etkileyen bazı değişkenlerin etkisi incelenecektir. Seçilen bu değişkenler yorgunluk, uyarı hızı ve cinsiyettir. Çalışma ile ayrıca spor yapmayanlar ile tenis sporu yapanlar kıyaslanacaktır

The Effects of Sex, Limb Dominance, and Soccer Participation on Knee Proprioception and Dynamic Postural Control

Context: Both female athletes' participation in soccer and associated injuries have greatly increased in recent years. One issue is the 2-9 times greater incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes relative to male athletes in comparable sports. Several factors such as limb dominance and sporting history have been proposed to play a role in ACL incidence rates between male and female athletes. However, evidence about the effects of these factors and how they interact with sex is mixed, and thus no consensus exists. Objective: To quantify the effects of sports participation, limb dominance, and sex on dynamic postural control and knee-joint proprioception. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: 19 male soccer players, 17 female soccer players, 19 sedentary men, and 18 sedentary women. Intervention: Joint-position sense was tested using reproduction of passive positioning on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees from 90 degrees of knee flexion). Three Star Excursion Balance Test directions were used to assess dynamic postural control. Main Outcome Measure: Normalized reach distance (% of leg length) in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions on each leg quantified dynamic postural control. Average absolute error and constant error for both limbs quantified joint-position sense. Results: Posteromedial reach distance was significantly better in soccer players than sedentary individuals (P=.006). Anterior reach distance was significantly better (P=.04) in sedentary individuals than soccer players. No limb-dominance or sex differences were identified for dynamic postural control, and no differences in absolute-or constant-error scores were identified. Conclusion: Sporting history has a direction-specific impact on dynamic postural control. Sporting history, sex, and limb dominance do not influence knee-joint proprioception when tested in an open kinetic chain using passive repositioning

Comparison of the Static and Dynamic Balance Between Normal-Hearing Hearing-Impaired Wrestlers

Balance is fundamental in sport, especially when there is an opponent. Although balance can be improved with practice, it is highly aff ected by nervous system disorders, particularly by vestibular disorders and visual impairment. Th e purpose of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance between normal and hearing-impaired wrestlers. Th e participants were 52 young male hearing-impaired wrestlers (n=29, age=18.76±3.54) and normal-hearing athletes (n=23, age=19.09±2.76) competing at the national level. Th e static and dynamic balance were measured using the stork test on one foot and the Y-balance test (in anterior, posteromedial & posterolateral directions). MANOVA indicated signifi cant diff erences between groups (Wilks’ L=.284, F12,39=8.21, p<.05, η2 =.72). Diff erences were detected in how long the participant had been active in the sport F(year) (F1,50=145.95, p<.025, η2 =.75) and right leg static balance (F1,50=73.63, p<.025, η2 =.60). As for the Y balance test, there was also a signifi cant diff erence in the anterior direction for the right leg (F1,50=4880.66, p<.025, η2 =.99) and left leg (F1,50=3563.87, p<.025, η2 =.99). Hearing-impaired wrestlers performed better balance abilities in the dynamic balance test of right and left legs in the anterior direction. In contrast, the amount of time active in the sport and the static balance of the right leg were found better in normal-hearing wrestlers. Being better than normal wrestlers only in the anterior direction of the dynamic balance might be due to the diff erences related to the directions of the test. Future studies are recommended for investigating the reasons for this diff erence

İşitme Engeli Olan Ve Olmayan Güreşçilerin Statik ve Dinamik Dengelerinin Karşılaştırması

Çalışmanın amacı işitme engeli olan ve olmayan güreşçilerin statik ve dinamik dengelerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya işitme engelli (n = 29, yaş = 18.76±3.54) ve işitme engeli bulunmayan (n = 23, yaş = 19.09±2.76) milli takım sporcusu olan 52 genç erkek güreşçi katılmıştır. Statik denge özelliği, tek ayak üzerinde stork test ile ölçülmüştür (Reiman, & Manske, 2009). Her iki ayağa iki deneme hakkı verilip, her iki ölçümdeki en iyi değer saniye cinsinden kayıt edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Dinamik denge ölçümü için ise, Y denge testi kullanılmıştır. Ölçümler anterior (ön), posterolateral (arka-yan) ve posteromediyal (arka çapraz) yönlerden alınmıştır. Bireylere dört deneme hakkı verilmiş, ardından her yöne üç tekrar ile ölçümler alınmıştır. Bu üç ölçümün ortalamaları bacak boyuna göre normalize edilmiştir. Üç farklı yönde ölçülen değerlerin toplamı, her iki bacak için de toplam performansı belirlemek için kullanılmıştır (Bressel, Yonker, Kras, & Heath, 2007). MANOVA sonuçlarına göre iki grup arasında anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (Wilks’ L = .284, F(12,39) = 8.21, p<.05, h2 = .72). İşitme engeli olan ve olmayan güreşçiler arasında, spor yaşları (F(1,50) = 145.95, p<.025, h2 = .75) ve sağ ayak ile ölçülen statik denge (F(1,50) = 73.63, p<.025, h2 = .60) özelliklerinde bu farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca Y denge testinde sağ (F(1,50) = 4880.66, p<.025, h2 = .99) ve sol ayak (F(1,50) = 3563.87, p<.025, h2 = .99) anterior yönündeki dinamik denge ölçümlerinde iki grup arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır. Spor yaşı ve sağ ayak ile ölçülen statik denge özelliği açısından işitme engelli olmayan sporcular daha iyi bulunmuştur. Dinamik denge özelliğinde ise anterior yönünde sağ ve sol ayak ölçümlerinde işitme engelli sporcuların dengeleri daha iyi bulunmuştur. Engelli güreşçilerin dinamik denge özelliğinde yalnızca anterior yönde sağlıklı güreşçilerden daha yüksek değere sahip olmaları, aradaki farkın ölçümün yapıldığı yönlerle alakalı bir farklılıktan kaynaklandığını ve nedeninin ilerleyen çalışmalarda araştırılması gerektiğini düşündürmektedir