A comparison of methods to estimate anaerobic capacity: Accumulated oxygen deficit and W' during constant and all-out work-rate profiles.

This document is the Pre-Print version of an article first published by Taylor & Francis Group in Journal of Sports Sciences, on December 2016, available online at:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02640414.2016.1267386. The Accepted Manuscript version is under embargo. Embargo end date: 26 June 2018.This study investigated (i) whether the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) and curvature constant of the power-duration relationship (W') are different during constant work-rate to exhaustion (CWR) and 3-min all-out (3MT) tests and (ii) the relationship between AOD and W' during CWR and 3MT. Twenty-one male cyclists (age: 40 ± 6 years; maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]: 58 ± 7 ml · kg-1 · min-1) completed preliminary tests to determine the V̇O2-power output relationship and V̇O2max. Subsequently, AOD and W' were determined as the difference between oxygen demand and oxygen uptake and work completed above critical power, respectively, in CWR and 3MT. There were no differences between tests for duration, work, or average power output (P ≥ 0.05). AOD was greater in the CWR test (4.18 ± 0.95 vs. 3.68 ± 0.98 L; P = 0.004), whereas W' was greater in 3MT (9.55 ± 4.00 vs. 11.37 ± 3.84 kJ; P = 0.010). AOD and W' were significantly correlated in both CWR (P < 0.001, r = 0.654) and 3MT (P < 0.001, r = 0.654). In conclusion, despite positive correlations between AOD and W' in CWR and 3MT, between-test differences in the magnitude of AOD and W', suggest that both measures have different underpinning mechanisms.Peer reviewe

Briefing paper for universities on Core Maths

This briefing paper outlines the rationale for and development of the new Core Maths qualifications, the characteristics of Core Maths, and why Core Maths is important for higher education. It is part of a communication to university vice-chancellors from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) comprising this paper and a joint Ministerial letter from Jo Johnson, Minister of State for Universities and Science in BIS, and Nick Gibb, Minister of State for Schools in the Department for Education (DfE)

Ethics and taxation : a cross-national comparison of UK and Turkish firms

This paper investigates responses to tax related ethical issues facing busines

Physiological response to brief maximal intermittent exercise: with particular reference to testing procedures and performance determinants

Purpose: The activity patterns of many sports are intermittent in nature, fluctuating randomly from brief periods of maximal or near maximal work to longer periods of moderate and low intensity activity. Attempts to examine the complex energy demands of this type of work have typically utilised repeated bouts of brief (< 6-s) maximal work interspersed with relatively short (< 60-s) recovery periods. However, despite years of research, many issues concerning the physiological response to this type of activity remain unresolved. The principal aim of the present thesis was to focus on one of these issues, namely the influence of aerobic fitness on sport-specific repeat sprint ability. Methods: Physically active students from the University of Edinburgh were used in all studies. Each investigation utilised two distinct maximal intermittent (20 x 5-s) test protocols with contrasting recovery periods (10-s or 30-s). The protocols were designed to simulate the range of work to rest ratios often experienced in sports such as badminton, rugby, soccer, and squash. All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Results: Both of the intermittent test protocols were found to have good degrees of test-retest reliability in measures of power output and fatigue. Moreover, the highest degrees of test-retest reliability were found to occur after the administration of two familiarisation trials. Although the quantification of fatigue during intermittent work had received a number of different approaches, the percentage decrement score was determined as the most valid and reliable means of assessing this parameter. Differences in recovery duration between the two intermittent test protocols had considerable effects on measures of maximum power output, mean power output, blood lactate, and fatigue. Between-protocol differences in maximum power output were attributed to the potentiation effect associated with Protocol 2 (30-s rest periods). In contrast, differences in mean power output, blood lactate and fatigue were most likely the result of between-protocol differences in the magnitude of the phosphocreatine (PCr) contribution to each sprint. Relative to controls, training-induced improvements in aerobic fitness, as evidenced by a 10.2% increase in V02max, corresponded with substantial improvements in intermittent performance measures of maximum and mean power output (range: 3.2 to 8.2%). Endurance training also impacted on the ability to resist fatigue, the magnitude of which increased with increasing recovery duration. Correlations between V02max and fatigue were also dependent on recovery duration supporting the idea that the principle role of aerobic metabolism during brief maximal intermittent work is in the iii restoration of homeostasis during intervening rest periods. Conclusions: The ability to produce and maintain high power outputs during prolonged periods of brief maximal intermittent work is an important determinant of performance in many sports. The results of the present thesis demonstrate the considerable influence of aerobic fitness in this respect, the magnitude of the effects being largely determined by the duration of the intervening rest periods. Although the precise mechanisms of action require further investigation, the improvements in repeat sprint performance that accompany increases in aerobic fitness are likely to be the result of enhancements in the recovery of power output via improved offtransient inorganic phosphate and PCr kinetics

Study of the effectiveness of paraliturgical experiences in comparison with classroom instruction as a means of preparation of the mentally retarded for mass participation

Liturgy is an essential part of the Christian message. As Carter states: The child who is taught to live the liturgy comes to live the life of Christ, for the liturgy not only teaches about Christ, it gives what it teaches: Christ Himself. It is the purpose of this paper to determine the effectiveness of the paraliturgy as a preparation for Liturgy for the mentally retarded child, as compared to classroom instruction as a preparation for Liturgy for the mentally retarded child

National traits as revealed in the revenge theme in tragedy

In the Renaissance drama, revenge is known as a revenge of blood, generally the “eye for an eye” variety of retaliation. The revenge of late periods deals with the return injury directed not only to the body of the opponent but also to his mental discomfort. It is the aim of this thesis to present the different types of revenge in tragic dramas and by means of them to show how the life, manners, and attitude of the various nationalities are reflected in dramas dealing with this theme

Education in the presbytery of Jedburgh in the eighteenth century

This thesis is concerned with the history of educational provision in that part of Roxburghshire which comprised the Presbytery of Jedburgh, between the Education Acts of 1696 and 1803. The principal sources were manuscripts and documents from the area itself: church, parish and local government records, and the papers of families and estates. What was discovered about education was analysed in the context of society in Roxburghshire generally and also in the light of other local studies of education in Scotland. Data was gathered on selection and appointment procedures, the provision and quality of schoolbuildings, and the schoolmasters’ income from salary, fees, mortifications and other emoluments. In addition an examination was made of the careers and qualifications of schoolmasters, of their role in the community at large, of the presbytery’s role in education, and of the extent and nature of private provision. It is likely that all parishes were provided with a salaried schoolmaster at the beginning of the century offering a curriculum of the 3 Rs and possibly Latin. The developments during the century led to better salaries and conditions for the schoolmasters, but also to a two-tier system in which Latin was only taught in the burghs. There was little expansion of the public sector of education, but an increasing contribution was made by private teachers. Their contribution was, however, limited to elementary education; there was no evidence of a widening of the curriculum. A blurring of roles and responsibilities led to the conclusion that the control and administration of education was much more pragmatic in the first part of the century than might have been expected. In the second half of the century an increasing secularisation of education was noticed which coincided with an expanding commitment by the parochial schoolmaster to non-educational activities

A study of the character and function of the lymphoid cell population in the epithelium of the small intestinal villi of the mouse

The lymphoid cell population in the small intestinal epithelium of the mouse was studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. The origin and kinetics of this population was examined by autoradiography. The population was found to have the following characteristics. It is composed of morphologically different cell types. The majority of the cells are small or medium lymphocytes, but occasionally, large pyroninophilic cells are observed, and even less frequently plasma cells are found. The cells are situated between the absorptive epithelial cells, and the majority lie close to the basement membrane. In keeping with the low incidence of pyroninophilic cells, fluorescence studies indicated that the majority of cells do not contain large amounts of antibody.The population is composed of at least two subpopulations with different lifespans, one of which is short-lived and the other long-lived. The origin of these cells is not clear, but the presence of mitotic figures in the epithelium indicates that the population is in part self-replicating. Cell transfer studies suggest that several cell sources can contribute a few cells to the epithelium, and therefore this population is probably complex in its origin. The fate of these cells is equally complex, a few degenerate, some migrate into the lamina propria and the others are presumably lost into the lumen of the intestine.The function of this population is unknown, but a role in digestion, antibody production or as a bursal equivalent would tend to be excluded by the results. The hypothesis is presented that these cells are involved in cell-mediated immune responses either as a cellular equivalent of the local IgA antibody system, or alternatively, as cell mediators involved in the regulation of tissue growth.The lymphoid cell population in the small intestinal epithelium of the mouse was studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. The origin and kinetics of this population was examined by autoradiography. The population was found to have the following characteristics. It is composed of morphologically different cell types. The majority of the cells are small or medium lymphocytes, but occasionally, large pyroninophilic cells are observed, and even less frequently plasma cells are found. The cells are situated between the absorptive epithelial cells, and the majority lie close to the basement membrane. In keeping with the low incidence of pyroninophilic cells, fluorescence studies indicated that the majority of cells do not contain large amounts of antibody.The population is composed of at least two subpopulations with different lifespans, one of which is short-lived and the other long-lived. The origin of these cells is not clear, but the presence of mitotic figures in the epithelium indicates that the population is in part selfreplicating. Cell transfer studies suggest that several cell sources can contribute a few cells to the epithelium, and therefore this population is probably complex in its origin. The fate of these cells is equally complex, a few degenerate, some migrate into the lamina propria and the others are presumably lost into the lumen of the intestine.The function of this population is unknown, but a role in digestion, antibody production or as a bursal equivalent would tend to be excluded by the results. The hypothesis is presented that these cells are involved in cell-mediated immune responses either as a cellular equivalent of the local IgA antibody system, or alternatively, as cell mediators involved in the regulation of tissue growth

The Accuracy of Wrist-worn Heart Rate Monitors across a Range of Exercise Intensities

Commercially available wrist-worn heart rate (HR) monitors have become increasingly popular. However, the accuracy of the devices across a range of exercise intensities is largely unknown. This study investigated the accuracy of four wrist-worn HR monitors (Apple Watch Series 1, Fitbit Charge, TomTom Touch, and Mio Fuse). Eighteen adults completed three trials on a cycle ergometer wearing a chest-worn HR monitor (Polar). Trial 1 established the HR-power output relationship, and resting and maximum HR. In trials 2 and 3, participants were fitted to an electrocardiogram (ECG) and completed a step test consisting of 5 x 3 minute stages at 40 - 80% of HR reserve (determined in trial 1) whilst wearing two wrist-worn HR monitors. Relative to ECG, there were no differences in HR between the devices during exercise (p = 0.239), and no device × exercise intensity interaction (p = 0.370). There were no instances where ECG and Polar data differed by ≥ 5 b·min-1. Conversely, there were two instances (2.2%) with the Apple, four (4.4%) with the Mio, 10 (11.1%) with the TomTom, and 19 (21.1%) with the Fitbit. A chest-worn HR monitor offers greater accuracy compared to wrist-worn devices