Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system

Gastrointestinal disorders are a major cause of morbidity in the elderly population. The gastrointestinal tract is the most complex organ system; its diverse cells perform a range of functions essential to life, not only secretion, digestion, absorption and excretion, but also, very importantly, defence. The gastrointestinal tract acts not only as a barrier to harmful materials and pathogens but also contains the vast number of beneficial bacterial populations that make up the microbiota. Communication between the cells of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous and endocrine systems modifies behaviour; the organisms of the microbiota also contribute to this brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis. Age-related physiological changes in the gut are not only common, but also variable, and likely to be influenced by external factors as well as intrinsic aging of the cells involved. The cellular and molecular changes exhibited by the aging gut cells also vary. Aging intestinal smooth muscle cells exhibit a number of changes in the signalling pathways that regulate contraction. There is some evidence for age-associated degeneration of neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system, although enteric neuronal losses are likely not to be nearly as extensive as previously believed. Aging enteric neurons have been shown to exhibit a senescence-associated phenotype. Epithelial stem cells exhibit increased mitochondrial mutation in aging that affects their progeny in the mucosal epithelium. Changes to the microbiota and intestinal immune system during aging are likely to contribute to wider aging of the organism and are increasingly important areas of analysis. How changes of the different cell types of the gut during aging affect the numerous cellular interactions that are essential for normal gut functions will be important areas for future aging research

Neurogenic mechanisms in bladder and bowel ageing

The prevalence of both urinary and faecal incontinence, and also chronic constipation, increases with ageing and these conditions have a major impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Management of bladder and bowel dysfunction in the elderly is currently far from ideal and also carries a significant financial burden. Understanding how these changes occur is thus a major priority in biogerontology. The functions of the bladder and terminal bowel are regulated by complex neuronal networks. In particular neurons of the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia play a key role in regulating micturition and defaecation reflexes as well as promoting continence. In this review we discuss the evidence for ageing-induced neuronal dysfunction that might predispose to neurogenic forms of incontinence in the elderly

Perda auditiva sensorioneural no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: relato de três casos Sensorineural hearing loss in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of three cases

INTRODUÇÃO: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença sistêmica do tecido conectivo, de etiologia desconhecida, provavelmente multifatorial. Acomete principalmente o sexo feminino podendo afetar múltiplos órgãos, dentre eles o sistema auditivo. A orelha interna pode ser lesada por diversos mecanismos auto-imunes, sendo a manifestação mais freqüente a disacusia sensorioneural flutuante, geralmente bilateral, rapidamente progressiva e com boa responsividade a imunossupressores. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar três casos de disacusia de etiologia auto-imune, enfocando formas de acometimento e manifestações clínicas, bem como correlacionando o efeito ototóxico da cloroquina - droga empregada no controle do LES - com a perda auditiva. CONCLUSÃO: As perdas auditivas sensorioneurais súbitas, rapidamente progressivas ou flutuantes, podem ocorrer em pacientes com doença auto-imune e devem ser sempre lembradas nos casos de disacusia sem causa aparente.<br>INTRODUCTION: The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic disease of the connective tissue, with unknown etiology, probably associated to multiple events. It is a multiple organs disease that affects mainly women. The inner ear can be damaged by several immunopathogenic mechanisms, and the most common symptom is a progressive sensorineural hearing loss, generally bilateral, with good response to immunossupression. AIM: The purpose of this article is to report three cases of women suffering from SLE and hearing loss and to establish a link between the autoimmune and the vascular mechanisms of the disease, also focusing attention on the ototoxicity due to chloroquine applied during the treatment of SLE. CONCLUSION: Sudden or fluctuant sensorineural hearing loss may affect patients with autoimmune disease, so it must always be taken into account when dealing with patients suffering from hearing loss without any apparent cause