Assessing the Effects of Corruption and Crime on Firm Performance: Evidence from Latin America

This paper uses a survey of private firms to assess the effects of corruption on the economic prospects of firms. The paper studies whether corruption and crime affect sales, investment and employment growth at the firm level, and whether bribes and illegal payments by firms reduce bureaucratic interference. The paper finds that corruption and crime substantially reduce sales growth, and that the reported levels of corruption and bureaucratic interferences are positively correlated at the firm level. Overall, the results of the paper suggest that corruption and crime substantially reduce firm competitiveness and that corruption is unlikely to have any positive effects.

Anemia and Child Education: The Case of Colombia

Welfare programs in Colombia have been focused on reducing malnutrition and hunger and on increasing school attendance rates. However, there is not much evidence on the hypothesized relationship between nutrition and education. Using the National Survey of Nutritional Status in Colombia - 2005 (ENSIN) and the Demographic and Health Survey -2005 (DHS), this paper estimates the impact of nutrition on schooling outcomes. The results suggest that anemic children have a higher probability of lagging behind in school. Malnutrition, defined by anthropometric measures, does not have an impact on schooling lags. School attendance seems to be unrelated to nutrition measures. The results are consistent under different specifications.school attendance, schooling lag, nutrition, micronutrients

Household Responses to Adverse Income Shocks in Latin America

This paper uses a new data set to study household responses to adverse income shocks in seven Latin American countries. The results show (i) that households respond to income shocks mainly by increasing their labor force participation, selling assets, and cutting on human capital investments, (ii) that poor households are most likely to be affected by adverse income shocks, and (iii) that lower-middle class households are more likely to cut back human capital investments and move abroad when faced with an adverse income shock. Taken together, these results offer ample justification for publicly funded safety nets targeted at the poor.Social safety nets, targeting of public programs, coping strategies

Anemia and Child Education: The Case of Colombia

Welfare programs in Colombia have focused on both reducing malnutrition and hunger and increasing school attendance. But there is not much evidence on the hypothesized relationship between nutrition status and schooling outcomes. Using the National Survey of Nutritional Status in Colombia - 2005 (ensin) and the Demographic and Health Survey - 2005 (dhs), this paper estimates the impact of nutrition on schooling outcomes. The results suggest that anemic children have a higher probability of being overage in school. Malnutrition, defined by anthropometric measures, does not have an impact on the probability of being overage. School attendance seems to be unrelated to nutrition measures. The results are consistent under different specifications.School attendance, overage, nutrition, micronutrients.

Sibling Correlations and Social Mobility in Latin America

In this paper, social mobility is measured by looking at the extent to which family background determines socioeconomic success. Roughly speaking, social mobility can be measure by means of two distinct types of correlations: intergenerational correlations and sibling correlations.

Parental Actions and Siblings’ Inequality

The model presented in the paper generates important implications concerning how the allocation of resources between children varies across income groups. In the model, poor and middle-income families tend to channel their resources into a few children whereas rich families (and perhaps very poor families as well) tend to allocate resources more evenly. As a result, poor and middle- income families tend to generate more inequality relative to richer families.

Patrones de victimización por el hampa en América Latina

(Disponible en idioma inglés únicamente) En este trabajo se hace un perfil de las víctimas del hampa en América Latina. Se demuestra que al menos en el caso de los delitos contra la propiedad, las víctimas típicas del hampa en América Latina provienen de hogares adinerados y de clase media y que tienden a ser habitantes de las ciudades más grandes. También se demuestra que las familias que viven en ciudades que experimentan un crecimiento demográfico rápido tienen una mayor probabilidad de ser víctimas del hampa que las que viven en ciudades con una población estable. Se postulan varias explicaciones de estos hechos y aunque es prematuro presentar respuestas claras a algunas de las preguntas que se suscitan en este trabajo, al menos es posible rechazar algunas hipótesis plausibles. En general, los resultados indican que el hampa en las ciudades latinoamericanas es, en gran medida, producto de la incapacidad de muchas ciudades de la región de atender la creciente demanda de seguridad pública que generan los procesos apresurados y desorganizados de urbanización.

Evolución de la concentración urbana en todo el mundo: un enfoque de panel

(Disponible en idioma inglés únicamente) En este trabajo empleamos un enfoque de panel para estudiar el crecimiento de la población en las principales ciudades del mundo. Hallamos que las principales ciudades crecen con mayor rapidez en economías relativamente atrasadas y en economías más inestables y de crecimiento más rápido. También hallamos que los efectos de las políticas del comercio sobre el crecimiento de ciudades importantes depende considerablemente de la geografía. Mientras que el crecimiento demográfico en importantes ciudades ubicadas en puertos o cerca de ellos no cambia tras un repunte de los flujos de comercio, el crecimiento demográfico en ciudades importantes tierra adentro sí tiende a desacelerarse luego del mismo hecho. Por otro lado, no hallamos efecto alguno del régimen político sobre el crecimiento demográfico de ciudades importantes. Por último, hallamos algunos elementos de prueba de que, si todo lo demás se mantiene igual, las ciudades de mayor tamaño tienden a crecer a un menor ritmo.