A escalada no Estado do Espírito Santo: análises a partir de aproximações (auto) etnográficas com as tribos de escaladores

Essa pesquisa objetivou traçar o perfil (ou perfis) dos praticantes de montanhismo, modalidade escalada, no Estado do Espírito Santo. Em termos metodológicos, aplicou-se um questionário aos filiados da Associação de Escalada Capixaba (ACE), realizaram-se incursões etnográficas e entrevistas com os montanhistas vinculados àquela instituição. A dissertação apresenta uma análise quali-quantitativa dos dados com o objetivo de mapear os locais da prática, o nível de escolaridade dos montanhistas, o tempo de vivência, a idade dos praticantes, as motivações para o envolvimento com a modalidade, suas relações com o risco, entre outros aspectos. Os resultados permitem, a partir desses critérios, esboçar o perfil (ou perfis) dos escaladores do Espírito Santo vinculados à ACE

Detection of Leishmania infantum by PCR, serology and cellular immune response in a cohort study of Brazilian dogs

The sensitivity and specificity of PCR, serology (ELISA) and lymphoproliferative response to Leishmania antigen for the detection of Leishmania infantum infection were evaluated in a cohort of 126 dogs exposed to natural infection in Brazil. For PCR, Leishmania DNA from bone-marrow was amplified with both minicircle and ribosomal primers. The infection status and time of infection of each dog were estimated from longitudinal data. The sensitivity of PCR in parasite-positive samples was 98%. However, the overall sensitivity of PCR in post-infection samples, from dogs with confirmed infection, was only 68%. The sensitivity of PCR varied during the course of infection, being highest (78–88%) 0–135 days post-infection and declining to around 50% after 300 days. The sensitivity of PCR also varied between dogs, and was highest in sick dogs. The sensitivity of serology was similar in parasite-positive (84%), PCR-positive (86%) and post-infection (88%) samples. The sensitivity of serology varied during the course of infection, being lowest at the time of infection and high (93–100%) thereafter. Problems in determining the specificity of serology are discussed. The sensitivity and specificity of cellular responsiveness were low. These data suggest that PCR is most useful in detecting active or symptomatic infection, and that serology can be a more sensitive technique for the detection of all infected dogs

Neural-Symbolic Reasoning Under Open-World and Closed-World Assumptions

Neural-Symbolic approaches are becoming increasingly prominent due to their ability to integrate knowledge and data. In this paper, we propose the iterative use of a neurosymbolic approach and evaluate its reasoning capability. We deploy the Logic Tensor Networks neurosymbolic approach iteratively and compare its reasoning capability with purely symbolic reasoning under closed-world and open-world assumptions. Reasoning capability is evaluated on two data sets, a family relationship task and a typical ontology reasoning data set. The use of an iterative neurosymbolic approach improves reasoning from an F1 score of 0.64 to 0.97 in one case, and from 0.60 to 0.88 in the other, which is higher than what was reported previously in the literature. Our results also show that an open-world neurosymbolic approach based on differentiable fuzzy logic can excel at recall, while a logical reasoner under a closed-world assumption can achieve high precision when the domain is under-specified

Neural-symbolic integration for fairness in AI

Deep learning has achieved state-of-the-art results in various application domains ranging from image recognition to language translation and game playing. However, it is now generally accepted that deep learning alone has not been able to satisfy the requirement of fairness and, ultimately, trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this paper, we propose an interactive neural-symbolic approach for fairness in AI based on the Logic Tensor Network (LTN) framework. We show that the extraction of symbolic knowledge from LTN-based deep networks combined with fairness constraints offer a general method for instilling fairness into deep networks via continual learning. Explainable AI approaches which otherwise could identify but not fix fairness issues are shown to be enriched with an ability to improve fairness results. Experimental results on three real-world data sets used to predict income, credit risk and recidivism in financial applications show that our approach can satisfy fairness metrics while maintaining state-of-the-art classification performance

Dietas contendo fenos de leucena ou estilosantes para cabras Anglo-Nubianas de tipo misto em lactação.

Com o intuito de avaliar dietas para cabras Anglo-Nubianas do tipo misto em lactação, foram utilizadas oito cabras com peso médio 37,9 ± 1,72 kg, entre a 2ª e 4ª ordem de lactação, no terço médio da lactação, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino 4 x 4. A ordenha foi realizada as 7 e 16 h. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas formuladas com diferentes volumosos (silagem de capim-elefante associada ou não aos fenos de leucena ou de estilosantes) e milho em grão, acrescidas ou não do farelo de soja

Produtividade e altura da rebrota de estilosantes Campo Grande.

O estilosantes Campo Grande tem despertado interesse crescente como forrageira por ser uma planta que se adapta bem a solos de baixa fertilidade natural, apresenta resistência à antracnose, elevada ressemeadura natural e persistência sob pastejo. Dependendo do tipo de crescimento da planta, altura e produtividade podem estar estreitamente relacionadas. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade de matéria seca e altura do estilosantes Campo Grande a diferentes idades de rebrota, com e sem adição de fósforo. O experimento foi conduzido na área do Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Piauí, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos (idade de rebrota de 30, 35, 40, 45 e 50 dias) na presença e ausência de adubação fosfatada, equivalente a 50 kg/ha de P2O5. Na menor idade de rebrota a produtividade média foi cerca de 750 kg de MS/ha, tendo as plantas a média de 40 cm de altura. A maior altura encontrada foi de 60 cm, na idade de rebrota de 50 dias, acompanhada de produtividade de, aproximadamente, 2350 kg de MS/ha. A adição de fósforo teve pequeno efeito sobre a produtividade das plantas, não tendo, porém, influência sobre a sua altura. A produtividade e a altura das plantas aumentam linearmente com a idade de rebrota, sem efeito da adubação fosfatada sobre essa última

Nutrient metabolism and ingestive behavior of goats fed diets containing palm tree fruit.

The objective was to evaluate the nutrient metabolism and ingestive behavior of goats fed diets containing fruits of Carnauba and Tucum palm trees, abundant in the Northeast region with fruiting in the dry season and use as alternative food for ruminants. For this end, 21 goats fed three diets, one control and two with carnauba or tucum fruits, in a completely randomized design. We determined nutrient intake through total collection of leftovers, faces and urine, as well as energy and nitrogen balance. Ingestive behavior was assessed by visual observations every 5 min for 24 h. There was a reduction in dry matter intake of 0.183 and 0.223 kg/day for diets containing tucum and carnauba fruits, respectively. The intake of digestible protein (78.04 gDP/day) and metabolizable energy (2.51 McalME/day) of the diet containing tucum fruits met the nutritional requirements of the animals, besides resulting in nitrogen balance above 60% and increase of 0.57 Mcal/kgDM of digestible energy of the diets. Diets containing fruits of carnauba required a longer rumination (453.65 min/day), associated with the higher fiber content in their composition. The inclusion of carnauba and tucum fruits in diets composed of corn, soybean and Tifton 85 hay for growing goats promotes a reduction in dry matter intake due to the low quality of the fiber of these fruits. However, the diets containing tucum fruits met the nutritional requirements of goats regarding digestible protein and metabolizable energy, suggesting the use of this alternative food for this category

Graph-based Neural Modules to Inspect Attention-based Architectures: A Position Paper

Encoder-decoder architectures are prominent building blocks of state-of-the-art solutions for tasks across multiple fields where deep learning (DL) or foundation models play a key role. Although there is a growing community working on the provision of interpretation for DL models as well as considerable work in the neuro-symbolic community seeking to integrate symbolic representations and DL, many open questions remain around the need for better tools for visualization of the inner workings of DL architectures. In particular, encoder-decoder models offer an exciting opportunity for visualization and editing by humans of the knowledge implicitly represented in model weights. In this work, we explore ways to create an abstraction for segments of the network as a two-way graph-based representation. Changes to this graph structure should be reflected directly in the underlying tensor representations. Such two-way graph representation enables new neuro-symbolic systems by leveraging the pattern recognition capabilities of the encoder-decoder along with symbolic reasoning carried out on the graphs. The approach is expected to produce new ways of interacting with DL models but also to improve performance as a result of the combination of learning and reasoning capabilities

Editorial: Explainable artificial intelligence models and methods in finance and healthcare

This article is a foreword to a special issue on "Explainable artificial intelligence models and methods in finance and healthcare" and introduces the main articles of the collection. The core topic of this special issue is explainability and trusting algorithmic output

Indicadores de digestibilidade de dietas para ovinos contendo feno de ponta de cana-de-açúcar hidrolisado.

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