Food-dependent, exercise-induced gastrointestinal distress

Among athletes strenuous exercise, dehydration and gastric emptying (GE) delay are the main causes of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints, whereas gut ischemia is the main cause of their nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and (blood) diarrhea. Additionally any factor that limits sweat evaporation, such as a hot and humid environment and/or body dehydration, has profound effects on muscle glycogen depletion and risk for heat illness. A serious underperfusion of the gut often leads to mucosal damage and enhanced permeability so as to hide blood loss, microbiota invasion (or endotoxemia) and food-born allergen absorption (with anaphylaxis). The goal of exercise rehydration is to intake more fluid orally than what is being lost in sweat. Sports drinks provide the addition of sodium and carbohydrates to assist with intestinal absorption of water and muscle-glycogen replenishment, respectively. However GE is proportionally slowed by carbohydrate-rich (hyperosmolar) solutions. On the other hand, in order to prevent hyponatremia, avoiding overhydration is recommended. Caregiver's responsibility would be to inform athletes about potential dangers of drinking too much water and also advise them to refrain from using hypertonic fluid replacements

Electrical Conductivity as a Tool to Detect Salt in Clinical Proteomics Samples

Clinical proteomics encompasses the study of the proteins in the human body at different settings to understand the various physiological and pathological pathways. The processing of the samples for electrophoresis based proteomics is a challenge to any researcher. Salt in particular can have an array of effects during the electrophoretic separation of proteins. There is a definite need to determine the concentration of salts in the samples and the effectiveness of salt removing protocols on small volume samples. A simple-cost effective technique to know the salt concentration in the clinical proteomics samples has been highlighted in the report. The application will be of value in a developing country such as India