Participatory Mapping, E-Participation, and E-Governance: Applications in Environmental Policy

This chapter focuses on participatory mapping as an e-governance tool to facilitate public participation. Public participation is a key component of democratic governance, and there is a growing reliance on digital government tools such as the internet and social networking sites and geographic information systems (GIS). This chapter focuses on public engagement using information and communication technology, namely participatory mapping, known by a variety of terms such as participatory GIS (PGIS), public participation GIS (PPGIS), and voluntary GIS. While the analysis involves use of participatory mapping related to environmental issues, the chapter brings together seminal work from various fields of citizen engagement and participatory mapping. The idea is to create one common narrative for scholars and practitioners, bringing together various terminologies, practices, and studies in participatory mapping in the environmental arena that offers a beginner\u27s frame of reference

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Metal-phenoxyalkanoic acid interactions. Part 7. The x-ray crystal and molecular structures of pentaaqua-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetato)manganese(II)(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate), and pentaaqua-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetato)magnesium(II)(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate)

The room temperature crystal structure of the complex species of empirical formula Mn(II)(2,4,5-T**)(HO), (1) has been determined by X-ray diffraction from diffractometer data and refined by least squares to R 0.101 using 964 observed reflections. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1 with Z = 2 in a cell of dimensions a = 23.122(8), b = 7.560(2), c = 7.066(2) Å, α = 90.72(2), β = 86.37(2), γ = 88.98(2)°. The complex units have a distorted octahedral coordination comprising five waters [Mn-O, 2.21(2) Å, mean] and one oxygen from a unidentate 2,4,5-T ligand [MnO, 2.072(2) Å]. Charge balance in the complex is maintained by the presence of the second 2,4,5-T anion which is fixed in the structure by hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions with the ligand anions. On the basis of chemical analysis, single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data, the Mg(II) complex (2) of the same empirical formula has been proved isostructural and isomorphous with [Mn(2,4,5-T)(HO)] (2,4,5-T). The triclinic crystals have the cell dimensions a = 23.00(7), b = 7.54(2), c = 7.07(2) Å, α = 90.0(3), β = 86.4(1), γ = 88.8(1)°

Variation in sexual dimorphism and assortative mating do not predict genetic divergence in the sexually dimorphic Goodeid fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus

Sexual dimorphism is often used as a proxy for the intensity of sexual selection in comparative studies of sexual selection and diversification. The Mexican Goodeinae are a group of livebearing freshwater fishes with large variation between species in sexual dimorphism in body shape. Previously we found an association between variation in morphological sexual dimorphism between species and the amount of gene flow within populations in the Goodeinae. Here we have examined if morphological differentiation within a single dimorphic species is related to assortative mating or gene flow between populations. In the Amarillo fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus studies have shown that exaggerated male fins are targets of female preferences. We find that populations of the species differ in the level of sexual dimorphism displayed due to faster evolution of differences in male than female morphology. However, this does not predict variation in assortative mating tests in the laboratory; in fact differences in male morphology are negatively correlated with assortative mating. Microsatellite markers reveal significant genetic differences between populations. However, gene flow is not predicted by either morphological differences or assortative mating. Rather, it demonstrates a pattern of isolation by distance with greater differentiation between watersheds. We discuss the caveats of predicting behavioural and genetic divergence from so-called proxies of sexual selection [Current Zoology 58 (3): 437-449, 2012]