Effects of castration, level of feeding and body weight on Energy partition and efficiency of energy utilisation in growing pigs

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2001, Vol. 4(1) : 15-22Efects of castration, feeding level and body weight on energy partition and efficiency of energy utilisation in growing pigs were studies. Eighteen entire and 18 castrated males, fed on either high (3.34 x maintenance) or low (225 x maintenance) level of feeding in a 2x2 factorial design, with 9 pigs per treatment were used. Energy nitrogen balance and calorimetry were recorded at 30, 60 and 90kg body weight. Increased feeding level resulted into increasing rates of energy (ER), protein energy (Pe) and fat energy (Fe) retention by 0.45, 0.29 and 0.62, respectively. Castration increased ER and Fe by 0.16 and 0.42, respectively but decreased protein energy retention by 0. 13. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) was 0. 10 higher in the entire than castrated males and tended w increase with increased protein energy retention. Net energetic efficiences for protein (kp) and fat retention (kj) were higher for the entire (0.61 and 0.98) than for castrated males (0.56 and 0.92) The results indicate that an increase in the rates of energy expenditure with increased lean tissue growth potential may be attributed to increased energy requirement for maintenance

Estimation of body gain of entire and castrated male pigs at two feeding levels and three body weights, using energy/nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter techniques

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2000, Vol. 3(1) : 47-54Rates of tissue gain and body composition of 18 entire (E) and 18 castrated (C) male pigs, fed at one of two levels offeeding (high (H) or low (L)), were investigated in a 2x2factorial experiment. Calorimetric, energy and rlitrogen balances were carried out on each animal at 30, 60 and 90 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered at 95 kg and their body composition was determined. The higher feeding level resulted in greater (P < 0.001) rates of body weight gain, protein andfat deposition in all treatment combinations. Castration was associated with decreased and increased potentialfor protein andfat deposition, respectively. Mean values of shoulder fat thickness, loinfat and subcutaneousfat (P2) were greater (P< 0.01 )for the animalsfed at the high compared with thosefed at the low level and thesefat measurements were greater in the castrated than the entire male pigs. Relative to the slaughter method, the balance method overestimated and underestimated the rates of protein andfat deposition by 0.16 and 0.10, respectively

Estimation of body gain of entire and castrated male pigs at two feeding levels and three body weights, using energy/nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter techniques

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2000, Vol. 3(1) : 47-54Rates of tissue gain and body composition of 18 entire (E) and 18 castrated (C) male pigs, fed at one of two levels offeeding (high (H) or low (L)), were investigated in a 2x2factorial experiment. Calorimetric, energy and rlitrogen balances were carried out on each animal at 30, 60 and 90 kg live weight. The animals were slaughtered at 95 kg and their body composition was determined. The higher feeding level resulted in greater (P < 0.001) rates of body weight gain, protein andfat deposition in all treatment combinations. Castration was associated with decreased and increased potentialfor protein andfat deposition, respectively. Mean values of shoulder fat thickness, loinfat and subcutaneousfat (P2) were greater (P< 0.01 )for the animalsfed at the high compared with thosefed at the low level and thesefat measurements were greater in the castrated than the entire male pigs. Relative to the slaughter method, the balance method overestimated and underestimated the rates of protein andfat deposition by 0.16 and 0.10, respectively

The Effect of Processing Method of Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) on the Digestibility and Perfonnance of Growing-finishing pigs

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (TAJAS), 1998; I (2): 121-130A 4 x 4 Latin sqf!.are experiment was carried out using 4 bancows to investigate the effect of processing method on the digestibility ofnutrients of dolichos beans and nitrogen retention in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain the control diet with 0.09 soybean meal or 0.33 of the control diet and O. 67 of each of either raw, boiled or roasted dolichos bean meal in diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. In another experiment, four diets were formulated such that O. 18 of raw (Diet 2), boiled (Diet 3) or roasted (Diet 4) dolichos bean meals replaced the 0.09 soybean meal contained in the contro[,(Diet I). These diets were ded to 12female and 12 castrated male pigs in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake, growth performance and slaughter characteristics were evaluated. Mean values of crude protein digestability and nitrogen retention in the raw dolichos meal (50.6% and 18g/d) were relatively lower than in the processed meals (p ~ 0.05). The' corresponding values for boiled dolichos meal were higher (p < 0.05) than those of roasted meal (73.6% versus 65.2% and 12.8g/dversus 8. 7g/d)~ Animals fed on the raw dolichos diet (Diet 2) had significantly lower growth rates and poorer feed conversion ratio. The two parameters were improved on the animals fed on heat-treated dolichos diets. It was concluded that thermC!-processing, particularly boiling greatly improved nutrient availability and overall utilisation of dolichos bean meal for pigs

Effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as protein source in supplementary diets of Small East African goats

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2002, Vol. 5(1): 39-48A study was undertaken to avaluate the effects of substituting sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods as a protein source in supplementing Small East African goats fed a basal diet of Brachiaria brizantha hay. Twenty-four growing female goats with mean body weight of 9. 71 = 1.56 kg were used in a growth experiment. Twelve adult bucks were used in a digestibility experiment. In the growth experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with six animals, while for the digestibility experiment the animals were divided into four groups, each with three animals. These groups were randomly assigned to four supplementary diets containing different proportion of sunflower seed cake and Acacia tortilis pods. In treatments one (T1). two (T2); three (T3) and four (T4) sunflower seed cake was replaced with Acacia tortilis pods at levels of 0.0%, 3.33%, 66.7% and 100%, respectively. The intake of hay and total DM tended to increase with increasing levels of Acacia tortilts pods in the supplementary diet, the highest intake (430 g DM/day) was observed in goats offered supplementary diet T4. The CP intake (49.1 to 58.9g/day) did not differ significantly (P>0. 0.5). among the treatments. The intake of ME was significantly (P0.05) effect on apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF on nitrogen utilisation was observed between treatments. In the growth trail, significant (P<0.05) lower growth rate was observed in animals under T1 (20g/day) than those in T3 (32g/day) and T4 (32g/day). Similarly the feed utilisation efficiency for animals in T1 (FCR=18.5) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the animals in T3 (FCR=13.1) and T4 (FCR=13. 5). Replacement of sunflower seed cake with Acacia tortilis pods in the supplementary diets at the level of 66.7% and 100% gave the highest hay and total DM intake, daily live weight gain and feed utilisation efficiency. Therefore, Acacia tortilis pods may be used in place of high cost oil cakes in the feeding of goats

The Effect of Processing Method of Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) on the Digestibility and Perfonnance of Growing-finishing pigs

Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences (TAJAS), 1998; I (2): 121-130A 4 x 4 Latin sqf!.are experiment was carried out using 4 bancows to investigate the effect of processing method on the digestibility ofnutrients of dolichos beans and nitrogen retention in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain the control diet with 0.09 soybean meal or 0.33 of the control diet and O. 67 of each of either raw, boiled or roasted dolichos bean meal in diets I, II, III and IV, respectively. In another experiment, four diets were formulated such that O. 18 of raw (Diet 2), boiled (Diet 3) or roasted (Diet 4) dolichos bean meals replaced the 0.09 soybean meal contained in the contro[,(Diet I). These diets were ded to 12female and 12 castrated male pigs in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake, growth performance and slaughter characteristics were evaluated. Mean values of crude protein digestability and nitrogen retention in the raw dolichos meal (50.6% and 18g/d) were relatively lower than in the processed meals (p ~ 0.05). The' corresponding values for boiled dolichos meal were higher (p < 0.05) than those of roasted meal (73.6% versus 65.2% and 12.8g/dversus 8. 7g/d)~ Animals fed on the raw dolichos diet (Diet 2) had significantly lower growth rates and poorer feed conversion ratio. The two parameters were improved on the animals fed on heat-treated dolichos diets. It was concluded that thermC!-processing, particularly boiling greatly improved nutrient availability and overall utilisation of dolichos bean meal for pigs