Feral American mink (Neogale vison) continues to expand its European range: time to harmonize population monitoring and coordinate control

1. The American mink Neogale vison is an invasive alien species in Europe that threatens endemic biodiversity and can transmit zoonotic diseases, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The last attempt to map the geographic range of this species in Europe, at continental scale, dates back to 2007. 2. We aimed to update the distribution map of the feral American mink and assess its temporal trends. The information we collected was critically analysed with the aim of improving future monitoring protocols and data collection. 3. We gathered and standardised data from 34 databases, covering 32 countries. Through 3 five-year periods from 2007 to 2021, changes in range size, hunting bags and capture statistics were analysed. We also reviewed the current situation of mink farming in the different European countries and recorded population control schemes. 4. The American mink is now widespread in the Baltic States, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Poland, Scandinavia, Spain and the UK. The species is reported to be absent in some areas (e.g. parts of the UK, Iceland and Norway). Data are deficient for several countries, mainly in south-eastern Europe. These findings indicate that, during the last 15 years, the species has continued to spread across the continent, increasing its potential extent of occurrence in most countries. Our effort to collect and harmonise data across international borders highlighted information gaps and heterogeneity in data quality. 5. Updated distribution data on the species provided here will aid risk assessment and risk management policies. These actions require a coordinated effort for population monitoring at continental level. Monitoring effort and data collection should be intensified in south-eastern Europe to improve data on the current distribution of this invasive species.This work was made possible thanks to the ENETWILD project (www.enetwild.com) funded by EFSA (www.efsa.europa.eu) (“Wildlife: collecting and sharing data on wildlife populations, transmitting animal disease agents”, contract number: OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2016/01). This study also benefited from the Invasion Dynamics Network (InDyNet), the AlienCSI CA17122 COST Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology and the hunting associations of the German Federal States within WILD. Project reference PID2019-111699RB-I00 (National Research Program of Spain).Peer reviewe