Comparative Analysis of PID and NARMA L2 Controllers for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

The application of this paper firstly simplified mathematical model for heat exchanger process has been developed and used for the dynamic analysis and control design. A conventional PID controller and Advanced Artificial Neural Network NARMA L2 Controller for Shell and Tube heat exchanger is proposed to control the cold water outlet temperature and test the best efficiency of NARMA L2 and PID controller.The control problem formulated as outlet cold water temperature is controlled variable and the inlet hot water temperature is manipulated variable the minimum possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances.Simulation and verified the mathematical model of the controller has been done in MATLAB Simulink. From the simulation results the prime controller has been chosen by comparing the criteria of the response such as settling time, rise time, percentage of overshoot and steady state error.The Neural NetworkNARMA L2 controller is founded to give finest performance for Shell and Heat exchanger problem like temperature control. Later Need to compare Conventional PID and Advance Artificial Neural NetworkNARMA L2 Controller results which lead to decide which one is best for Chosen has a better performance than other

Synthesis and Characterization of Process-Related Impurities of Antihypertensive Drug Olmesartan Medoxomil

Olmesartan medoxomil (1) is the latest angiotensin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypertension. During the process development of olmesartan medoxomil, three process-related impurities were observed along with the final API. These impurities were identified as isopropyl olmesartan (12), dimedoxomil olmesartan (19), dibiphenyl olmesartan (17). The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of all these three impurities

Synthesis of benzoxazoles via intramolecular cyclization of ortho-halobenzanilides using copper fluorapatite catalyst

An efficient method for the synthesis of benzoxazoles via intramolecular cyclization of ortho-haloanilides using heterogeneous copper fluorapatite catalyst is described. A variety of ortho-haloanilides (iodo-, bromo- and chloroanilides) were cyclized to the corresponding benzoxazoles, demonstrating the versatility of the ­reaction

Catalysis in Water: Aldol-Type Reaction of Aldehydes and Imines with Ethyl Diazoacetate Catalyzed by Highly Basic Magnesium/Lanthanum Mixed Oxide

International audienceMagnesium/lanthanum mixed oxide is an effective heterogeneous catalyst for aldol-type condensation of aldehydes and imines with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) at room temperature in water to afford corresponding b-hydroxy-a-diazo carbonyl compounds and b-amino-a-diazo carbonyl compounds in good yields. The catalyst is recovered and reused for several cycles with consistent activity

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Not AvailableSubsistence agriculture practice and a combination of harsh climate and fragile soils along with increasing demographic pressure are matters of great concern from the viewpoint of resource management and longterm sustainability in the semi-arid tropical Alfisol soils of India. In this study, soil quality index (SQI) has been computed on 190 sites of farmers’ fields in southern India to evaluate the possible effect of land management practices on soil degradation and determine the critical levels of soil organic C stock to maintain a desirable SQI and also suggest appropriate management practices. In all, 26 predominant physical, chemical and biological properties of soils were studied and based on principal component analysis, moisture retention at field capacity, available soil N, available P, DTPA-extractable Zn, exchangeable sodium percentage, C-mineralization and bulk density were identified as the key indicators of the study region. SQI was also computed using four soil functions, viz. nutrient cycling, availability of water, resistance of soil to degradation, and salinity and sodicity. Soil resilience index was computed using data on substrate induced respiration after exposing the soil to heat stress. SQI was highest under paddy followed by permanent fallow, maize, cotton, intercropping, redgram, and was lowest under castor system. Based on the results, it was observed that the soils which had higher SQI were also productive and they exhibited higher resilience capacity. An amount of 8.6 Mg ha–1 soil organic C stock per 15 cm depth was found essential to maintain soil quality and 2.2 Mg ha–1 of organic matter was needed every year to maintain this stock. On-farm participatory research trial was conducted using SQI as a tool for sustainable land-management practices.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe insufficient root zone soil moisture is the most important limitation for crop productivity on light texture soils of semiarid and arid regions. Application of super absorbent polymers in to the soil could be one of effective means to increase water use efficiency in crops. Laboratory and field investigations were carried out to evaluate the water retention and release characteristics of hydrogels and to evaluate its effect on crop productivity during kharif and rabi seasons in semiarid red soils. Overall, the amount of water absorbed by one gram of polymer ranged between 332 and 465 g (in distilled water) and about 91-96% of absorbed water was released within 15 bar tension i.e., permanent wilting point. Hydrogel was not found effective for groundnut and pigeonpea crop during kharif season but showed positive effect on tomato when it was tested @ 25-100 kg/ha. The agronomic efficiency of polymers application for tomato was highest when polymers were applied @ 50 kg/ha and it was 58 kg tomato fruit per kg of polymer application. In case of tomato grown during rabi season, it was observed that at least one irrigation in every three weeks can be postponed by applying polymers. This helped in recording the water productivity to the extent of 279 kg/ha mm and saved 210 ha mm irrigation water in entire crop growth period.Not Availabl