72 research outputs found
Exposure to the Epstein-Barr viral antigen latent membrane protein 1 induces myelin-reactive antibodies in vivo
Β© 2017 Lomakin, Arapidi, Chernov, Ziganshin, Tcyganov, Lyadova, Butenko, Osetrova, Ponomarenko, Telegin, Govorun, Gabibov and Belogurov. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Cross-reactivity of neuronal proteins with exogenous antigens is considered one of the possible mechanisms of MS triggering. Previously, we showed that monoclonal myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific antibodies from MS patients cross-react with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). In this study, we report that exposure of mice to LMP1 results in induction of myelin-reactive autoantibodies in vivo. We posit that chronic exposure or multiple acute exposures to viral antigen may redirect B cells from production of antiviral antibodies to antibodies, specific to myelin antigen. However, even in inbred animals, which are almost identical in terms of their genomes, such an effect is only observed in 20-50% of animals, indicating that this change occurs by chance, rather than systematically. Cross-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that only part of anti-MBP antibodies from LMP1-immunized mice might simultaneously bind LMP1. In contrast, the majority of anti-LMP1 antibodies from MBP-immunized mice bind MBP. De novo sequencing of anti-LMP1 and anti-MBP antibodies by mass spectrometry demonstrated enhanced clonal diversity in LMP1-immunized mice in comparison with MBP-immunized mice. We suggest that induction of MBP-reactive antibodies in LMP1-immunized mice may be caused by either Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) or by T cells that are primed by myelin antigens directly in CNS. Our findings help to elucidate the still enigmatic link between EBV infection and MS development, suggesting that myelin-reactive antibodies raised as a response toward EBV protein LMP1 are not truly cross-reactive but are primarily caused by epitope spreading
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ
The hepatoprotective properties of the silymarin and the plant alkaloid berberine combinationin experimental paracetamol-inducedliver damage were studied. Silymarin was obtained from milk thistle seeds. The conditions for extraction of flavonolignans (silymarin) were optimized. 70 % ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and water were used as extractants. It was shown that the optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonolignans in order to obtain the maximum yield of flavonolignans were alcohol extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The experiment showed that the combined of silymarin and berberine was greater than their individual actions, which most effectively permitted stabilization of hepatocyte membranes and prevented altering their integrity in paracetamol-induced toxic liver damage. The self-emulsifying system with silymarin and berberineΒ to a greater extent a significant extent prevented dystrophic changes in hepatocytes and necrosis in liver tissue, reduced hyperfermentemia in rat blood serum, prevented disturbance in the activity of thioredoxin reductase and enzymes of the glutathione antioxidant system and there by more effectively prevented hepatocyte functional impairment.. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°). Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ 70 %-Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π‘ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²
CCR5/CXCR3 antagonist TAK-779 prevents diffuse alveolar damage of the lung in the murine model of the acute respiratory distress syndrome
Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), secondary to viral pneumonitis, is one of the main causes of high mortality in patients with COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019)βongoing SARS-CoV-2 infectionβ reached more than 0.7 billion registered cases.Methods: Recently, we elaborated a non-surgical and reproducible method of the unilateral total diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) of the left lung in ICR miceβa publicly available imitation of the ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2. Our data read that two CβC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) ligands, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIPs) MIP-1Ξ±/CCL3 and MIP-1Ξ²/CCL4, are upregulated in this DAD model up to three orders of magnitude compared to the background level.Results: Here, we showed that a nonpeptide compound TAK-779, an antagonist of CCR5/CXCR3, readily prevents DAD in the lung with a single injection of 2.5Β mg/kg. Histological analysis revealed reduced peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear infiltration in the lung and mononuclear infiltration of the wall and lumen of the alveoli in the TAK-779-treated animals. Administration of TAK-779 decreased the 3β5-fold level of serum cytokines and chemokines in animals with DAD, including CCR5 ligands MIP-1Ξ±/Ξ², MCP-1, and CCL5. Computed tomography revealed rapid recovery of the density and volume of the affected lung in TAK-779-treated animals.Discussion: Our pre-clinical data suggest that TAK-779 is more effective than the administration of dexamethasone or the anti-IL6R therapeutic antibody tocilizumab, which brings novel therapeutic modality to TAK-779 and other CCR5 inhibitors for the treatment of virus-induced hyperinflammation syndromes, including COVID-19
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Results of tests and studies of American materials in the channel of the MHD facility U-02 (Phase III). [LaCrO/sub 3/]
In accordance with the US--USSR Cooperative Program in MHD joint US--USSR tests were conducted in May 1978 at the U-02 facility of an MHD generator section consisting of U.S.-built electrode blocks and USSR-built insulating walls. The main purpose of the experiment was to conduct continuous 100-hour duration tests of materials and structures of electrode blocks; in particular, to study the behavior of ceramic electrodes and insulators in operating conditions of an MHD generator, the electro-physical and thermal characteristics of the working section as a whole and electrodes in particular, and to analyze the change in the phase composition and structure of materials during the test. The main thrust of the experiment was a study of electrode material behavior. Six varieties of electrodes based on doped lanthanum chromite were tested and investigated. The electrodes were made of fine grained, hot-pressed mass (the porosity of the ceramic was 2 to 3%). The interelectrode insulators were made of magnesial and magnesial-spinel ceramic also manufactured by the hot pressing method. Results are presented and discussed
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