Industry 4.0 Benefits, Challenges, Critical Success Factors: Comparative analysis through the lens of Resource Dependence Theory across continents and economies

Purpose: As we enter a new era of digital transformation, Industry 4.0 promises to revolutionize the way we do business, providing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. This study aims to investigate empirically and comparatively analyse the benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) across four continents and developing and developed economies. Methodology: This study employed an online survey to explore the benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of developed and developing economies. In order to ensure the validity of the survey, a pilot test was conducted with 10 respondents. A total of 149 participants with senior managerial, vice-presidential, and directorial positions from developed and developing economies spanning four continents were invited to take part in the survey. Findings: The study ranks benefits, challenges and CSFs across economies and continents. Further, the benefit of Industry 4.0 helping to achieve organizational efficiency and agility differed across the developing and developed economies. Further, the benefit improves customer satisfaction significantly differed across continents; in terms of challenges, Employee resistance to change had a higher proportion in developing economies. Future viability of Industry 4.0 also differed across the continents. Regarding CSFs, there was no difference across the developing and developed economies. Finally, change management and project management vary across the continents. Implications: This study contributes to a balanced understanding of Industry 4.0 by providing empirical evidence for a comparative analysis. Moreover, it extends the concept of Resource- Dependent Theory (RDT) to explain how organizations in developing economies and developed economies deploy resources to manage external condition uncertainties to implement Industry 4.0. Furthermore, this study provides a structural framework to understand the specific benefits, challenges, and critical success factors of implementing Industry 4.0, which can be utilized by policymakers to promote Industry 4.0 in their economies or continents. Originality of Value: As far as our knowledge goes, no studies have empirically demonstrated the comparative analysis of benefits, challenges and CSFs across economies and continents and distinguish an original contribution of our work

Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Reference Ranges From the Healthy Hearts Consortium

Background: The absence of population-stratified cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) reference ranges from large cohorts is a major shortcoming for clinical care. Objectives: This paper provides age-, sex-, and ethnicity-specific CMR reference ranges for atrial and ventricular metrics from the Healthy Hearts Consortium, an international collaborative comprising 9,088 CMR studies from verified healthy individuals, covering the complete adult age spectrum across both sexes, and with the highest ethnic diversity reported to date. Methods: CMR studies were analyzed using certified software with batch processing capability (cvi42, version 5.14 prototype, Circle Cardiovascular Imaging) by 2 expert readers. Three segmentation methods (smooth, papillary, anatomic) were used to contour the endocardial and epicardial borders of the ventricles and atria from long- and short-axis cine series. Clinically established ventricular and atrial metrics were extracted and stratified by age, sex, and ethnicity. Variations by segmentation method, scanner vendor, and magnet strength were examined. Reference ranges are reported as 95% prediction intervals. Results: The sample included 4,452 (49.0%) men and 4,636 (51.0%) women with average age of 61.1 ± 12.9 years (range: 18-83 years). Among these, 7,424 (81.7%) were from White, 510 (5.6%) South Asian, 478 (5.3%) mixed/other, 341 (3.7%) Black, and 335 (3.7%) Chinese ethnicities. Images were acquired using 1.5-T (n = 8,779; 96.6%) and 3.0-T (n = 309; 3.4%) scanners from Siemens (n = 8,299; 91.3%), Philips (n = 498; 5.5%), and GE (n = 291, 3.2%). Conclusions: This work represents a resource with healthy CMR-derived volumetric reference ranges ready for clinical implementation

Effect of heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey nanofluid in a tapered flexible channel in the presence of aligned magnetic field

In this paper, we have studied the influence of wall properties and aligned magnetic field on the peristaltic transport and heat and mass transfer of a Jeffrey/Newtonian nanofluid in a tapered channel. The analytical solutions are obtained for the stream function, the temperature and the concentration. Further, we obtained the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the wall. The effects of all important parameters on the physical quantities of the flow for both Jeffrey and Newtonian fluids are investigated through graphs and deliberated in detail. The velocity and temperatures are high for Newtonian fluid than Jeffrey fluid and the opposite situation is observed for concentration field. The large values of the magnetic parameter suppress the velocity and temperature fields but the reverse situation is seen in the case of concentration field. Also observed that the inclination angle of magnetic field and wall parameters have shown a significant effect on this investigation

Peristaltic Flow And Heat Transfer Of A Herschel-Bulkley Fluid In An Inclined Non-Uniform Channel With Wall Properties

In the present work, we obtained analytical solutions for peristaltic flow and heat transfer of a Herschel-Bulkley (HB) fluid in an inclined non-uniform conduit with elastic walls. The effects of the physical parameters on the axial velocity, the streamlines, the temperature and the rate of heat transfer are discussed through graphs. Further, we discussed the results for the peristaltic transport of Newtonian, Bingham and power-law fluids. The variation in the power-law index n shows that the values of the velocity and the temperature fields are grater for shear thinning (n \u3c 1) HB fluids than the shear thickening (n \u3e 1) HB fluids. Also for n = 1, the results agree very well with the available results in the literature. Further, the inclination angle has a strong influence on the velocity and the temperature fields

Peristaltic Transport Of A Conducting Jeffrey Fluid In An Inclined Asymmetric Channel

Peristaltic flow of a conducting Jeffrey fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel is investigated. The channel asymmetry is produced by considering a peristaltic wave train on the flexible walls of the channel with different amplitudes and phases. The nonlinear governing equations are solved analytically by a perturbation technique. The expressions for the stream function, axial velocity and the pressure rise per wavelength are determined in terms of the Jeffrey number λ1, the Froude number Fr, the perturbation parameter δ, the angle of inclination θ and the phase difference φ. Effects of the physical parameters on the velocity field and the pumping characteristics are discussed. It is observed that the size of the trapping bolus increase with an increase in the magnetic parameter and the volume flow rate. That is, the magnetic parameter and the volume flow rate have strong influence on the trapping bolus phenomenon

The Effect Of Heat Transfer On The Nonlinear Peristaltic Transport Of A Jeffrey Fluid Through A Finite Vertical Porous Channel

In this paper we analyze the influence of free convection on nonlinear peristaltic transport of a Jeffrey fluid in a finite vertical porous stratum using the Brinkman model. Heat is generated within the fluid by both viscous and Darcy dissipations. The coupled nonlinear governing equations are solved analytically. The expressions for the temperature, the axial velocity, the local wall shear stress and the pressure gradient are obtained. The effects of various physical parameters such as the Jeffrey parameter λ1, the permeability parameter σ and the heat source/sink parameter β are analyzed through graphs, and the results are discussed in detail. It is observed that the velocity field increases with increasing values of the Jeffrey parameter but it decreases with increasing values of the permeability parameter. It is found that the pressure rise increases with decreasing Jeffrey parameter and increasing permeability parameter. We notice that the effect of the permeability parameter σ is the strongest on the bolus trapping phenomenon. For λ1 = 0, N = 0, the results of the present study reduce to the results of Tripathi [Math. Comput. Modelling 57 (2013) 1270-1283]. Further the effect of viscous and Darcy dissipations is to reduce the rate of heat transfer in the finite vertical porous channel under peristalsis

The effect of heat transfer on the nonlinear peristaltic transport of a Jeffrey fluid through a finite vertical porous channel

In this paper we analyze the influence of free convection on nonlinear peristaltic transport of a Jeffrey fluid in a finite vertical porous stratum using the Brinkman model. Heat is generated within the fluid by both viscous and Darcy dissipations. The coupled nonlinear governing equations are solved analytically. The expressions for the temperature, the axial velocity, the local wall shear stress and the pressure gradient are obtained. The effects of various physical parameters such as the Jeffrey parameter λ1, the permeability parameter σ and the heat source/sink parameter β are analyzed through graphs, and the results are discussed in detail. It is observed that the velocity field increases with increasing values of the Jeffrey parameter but it decreases with increasing values of the permeability parameter. It is found that the pressure rise increases with decreasing Jeffrey parameter and increasing permeability parameter. We notice that the effect of the permeability parameter σ is the strongest on the bolus trapping phenomenon. For λ1 = 0, N = 0, the results of the present study reduce to the results of Tripathi [Math. Comput. Modelling 57 (2013) 1270-1283]. Further the effect of viscous and Darcy dissipations is to reduce the rate of heat transfer in the finite vertical porous channel under peristalsis

Enhancing Secure Communication in the Cloud Through Blockchain Assisted-CP-DABE

The use of encryption is essential to protect sensitive data, but it often poses challenges when it comes to locating and retrieving information without decryption. Searchable encryption provides an effective mechanism that achieves secure search over encrypted data. In this paper a new approach to address the fine-grained search and to protect sensitive data, Blockchain Assisted ciphertext policy decentralized attribute-based encryption (BA-CP-DABE) in cloud has been developed. The CP-DABE is employed to manage data access, secure key generation, while the immutability of blockchain ensures the confidentiality of ciphertext. By leveraging searchable encryption, it becomes possible to securely search encrypted data stored on the blockchain. Keywords are encrypted using attribute-based encryption and stored on a remote server, along with the corresponding ciphertext in the blockchain. One of the significant challenges in this approach is the assumptions-based technique i.e., bilinear mapping, which involves keyword ciphertext and trapdoor security. However, through extensive numerical experiments, the system has demonstrated its ability to generate key and trapdoor structures, as well as effectively find keywords within the encrypted data