Cytokines and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the obesity

The article presents data of the influence of cytokines of different directions of glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity. A change of the basic paradigm regarding adipose tissue has contributed to a number of recent discoveries. This concerns such basic concepts as healthy and diseased adipocytes, and, as a consequence, changes of their metabolism under the influence of cytokins. Distinguishing the concept of organokines demonstrates that despite the common features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specifics features of cytokine regulation, each organ has its own specific an important section of this concept is the idea of the heterogeneity of adipose tissue. Knowledge of the function of adipose tissue localized in different compartments of the body is expanding. There are date about the possibility of transition of one type of adipose tissue to another. A possible mechanism linking adipose tissue inflammation and the formation of insulin resistance (IR) is presented in this paper. The mechanism of IR development is closely connected with to proinflammatory cytokins disordering the insulin signal, accompanied by a decrease of the work of glucose transporters. A decrease of the income of glucose into cells leads to a change of glycolysis level to an increase of the fatty acids oxidation. Cytokins are able to participate in the process of the collaboration of some cells with others, that occurs both during physiological and pathological process

Features of the immune response in children with acute respiratory infections caused by DNA and RNA viruses

The issues of immunopathogenesis of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) remain relevant, despite a long history of study. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the content of some cytokines in the blood serum of children with ARVI caused by DNA and RNA-containing viruses. Material and methods. We examined 92 children with ARVI at the age from 1 to 15 years, hospitalized in the hospital of the Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 6 (Novosibirsk). In order to determine the etiological factor, a study was carried out using the RT-PCR method (test systems AmpliSensORVI-screen-FL, “InterLabService”, Russia) of mucus from the nose and throat for the presence of genetic material of viruses that cause ARVI. Determination of the content of IL-8, IL-17, IFN-γ in the blood serum in children of all groups was carried out by the method of solid-phase ELISA using commercial test systems of LLC “Cytokin” (Russia). Results and discussion. 4 groups were formed: group I (n = 20) children with ARVI caused by DNA-containing viruses (group B, C, E adenoviruses, bocaviruses); group II (n = 53) children with ARVI caused by RNA viruses (RS virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, 4, rhinovirus and coronoviruses); group III (n = 12) children with ARVI caused by mixed infection; group IV (n = 7) – the genetic material of the pathogen has not been isolated. Concentration of IL-8, IL-17, IFN-γ was significantly increased in all groups compared to the normative values. Higher values of IFN-γ and IL-8 were revealed in patients with DNA viruses compared with the group with RNA-containing viruses, although the excess of IFN-γ was not statistically significant. Differences in the content of IFN-γ, IL-8 and IL-17 were noted for various etiological viral agents, but they were not significant. Conclusions. The results obtained can serve as confirmation that the functional characteristics of the response of the immune system in children with ARVI are determined not so much by the etiological factor as by its individual state. With ARVI in children, the presence of genetic material from more than one virus, apparently, is not a significant potentiating factor in the activation of the immune response. At the same time, a negative PCR result with a detailed clinical picture of ARVI does not exclude the viral genesis of the disease

Features of laboratory parameters in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) is a new childhood disease associated with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that manifests itself 3–4 weeks after infection. The development of MIS-C is possible, despite the asymptomatic course of coronavirus infection. The pathogenetic features of MIS-C remain unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the state of peripheral blood parameters in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 upon admission to a hospital. Material and methods. We examined 52 children with MIS-C from 1 to 14 years old, hospitalized in Children`s Clinical Hospital No. 3 in Novosibirsk in October–December 2020. Testing for the isolation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in scrapings from the nasopharynx and oropharynx was carried out using real time PCR (test systems of DNA-Technology, Russia). The presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in blood serum was determined by ELISA using Vector-Best kits (Russia). Results and discussion. It was noted that SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA was found only in 12.8 % of cases, while specific IgG antibodies in blood serum were detected in 100 % of children. IgM to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected in the blood serum only in 53.85 % of children with MIS-C. It has been established that unexpressed leukocytosis was found both in children under the age of 7 and in children of 8–14 years old. However, the leukocytes content in children of the older age group was significantly lower than in children aged 1–7 years. At the same time, in both age groups, some children had extremely low values of the indicator. The causes of severe leukopenia against the background of excessive inflammation remain unclear. Age groups (1–7 and 8–14 years) do not differ statistically significantly in the relative content of lymphocytes and neutrophils. In the study of individual values of the relative content of lymphocytes within the age groups, it was noted that only some children had lymphopenia of varying severity. Conclusions. Against the background of minor leukocytosis in children with MIS-C, upon admission to the hospital, there is a tendency to develop both relative and absolute lymphopenia, regardless of age. The study noted an extremely pronounced variability of individual values of the evaluated peripheral blood parameters, regardless of age, which, with similar clinical symptoms, characterized as MIS-C, requires further study in dynamics, taking into account the initial values of the indicators.There is no pronounced relationship between the leukocytes content and specific IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in the blood

Role of myokines in regulation of a power exchange

This review presents new data in respect of polyfunctioning of the muscular system. It is shown that the muscles are able to synthesize and секретировать миокины, with auto-couple-and endocrine effects. Is represented by the signal cascade, which runs the transcription of interleukin -6 (Il-6) in the skeletal muscles. For example, IL-6, as an important миокина, shown its metabolic and антивоспалительные effects at physical loads. Considered the issue of the specificity of the cytokine response in muscle contraction. This position is confirmed by the fact that, in эндотоксемии induced by the introduction of липополисахарида, the muscles begin to produce, as the IL-6, and factor of tumor necrosis α. The biological sense of the rise of production of IL-6 and other миокинов is that миокины are the communication system, the input signal of different organs and systems, primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and immune and endocrine, subordinating their work requirements of long-term muscles flex

The autonomic nervous system in 15–17‑year-old adolescents

Objective: to examine the autonomic nervous system in 15–17‑year-old adolescents.Subjects and methods: 2015 adolescents (1080 boys and 935 girls) aged 15–17 years were examined. The tables developed by A. M. Wayne, cardiointervalography, wedge orthostatic test, and heart rhythm variability were used to evaluate the autonomic nervous system. Results. The study showed that the adolescents of both sexes (82% of boys and 84.8% of girls) showed an imbalanced autonomic nervous system as sympathicotonia, vagotony, and vegetative vascular dystonia of mixed-type.Conclusion. The adolescents belong to a group at risk for psychosomatic diseases in the future and therefore require a special followup and prevention activities

Algorithm for automated technology prediction of the risk of chronic somatic pathology in adolescents

A total of 150 Novosibirsk adolescents aged 15 to 17 years of both sexes (75 boys and 75 girls) were examined. The aim of the study was to identify the likely predictors of chronic somatic pathology in 15-17-year-old adolescents according to the data of a comprehensive survey involving the evaluation of physical, mental, and reproductive health. The use of a mathematical modeling method could provide logistic classification models to assess the risk of chrome somatic diseases in adolescents in relation to gender. Psychological factors are of precedence in the development of chronic somatic diseases in adolescents, which is important to be taken into account in the teaching, clinic;) I examination, and rehabilitation of children of this age