Adjuvant Properties of Thermal Component of Hyperthermia Enhanced Transdermal Immunization: Effect on Dendritic Cells

Hyperthermia enhanced transdermal (HET) immunization is a novel needle free immunization strategy employing application of antigen along with mild local hyperthermia (42°C) to intact skin resulting in detectable antigen specific Ig in serum. In the present study, we investigated the adjuvant effect of thermal component of HET immunization in terms of maturation of dendritic cells and its implication on the quality of the immune outcome in terms of antibody production upon HET immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT). We have shown that in vitro hyperthermia exposure at 42°C for 30 minutes up regulates the surface expression of maturation markers on bone marrow derived DCs. This observation correlated in vivo with an increased and accelerated expression of maturation markers on DCs in the draining lymph node upon HET immunization in mice. This effect was found to be independent of the antigen delivered and depends only on the thermal component of HET immunization. In vitro hyperthermia also led to enhanced capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells in allo MLR and promotes the secretion of IL-10 by BMDCs, suggesting a potential for Th2 skewing of T cell response. HET immunization also induced a systemic T cell response to TT, as suggested by proliferation of splenocytes from immunized animal upon in vitro stimulation by TT. Exposure to heat during primary immunization led to generation of mainly IgG class of antibodies upon boosting, similar to the use of conventional alum adjuvant, thus highlighting the adjuvant potential of heat during HET immunization. Lastly, we have shown that mice immunized by tetanus toxoid using HET route exhibited protection against challenge with a lethal dose of tetanus toxin. Thus, in addition to being a painless, needle free delivery system it also has an immune modulatory potential

The use of indigenous knowledge in development: problems and challenges

The use of indigenous knowledge has been seen by many as an alternative way of promoting development in poor rural communities in many parts of the world. By reviewing much of the recent work on indigenous knowledge, the paper suggests that a number of problems and tensions has resulted in indigenous knowledge not being as useful as hoped for or supposed. These include problems emanating from a focus on the (arte)factual; binary tensions between western science and indigenous knowledge systems; the problem of differentiation and power relations; the romanticization of indigenous knowledge; and the all too frequent decontextualization of indigenous knowledge

Prevalence and correlates of self-reported state of teeth among schoolchildren in Kerala, India

BACKGROUND: Oral health status in India is traditionally evaluated using clinical indices. There is growing interest to know how subjective measures relate to outcomes of oral health. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence and correlates of self-reported state of teeth in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Kerala, India. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data were used. The sample consisted of 838 12-year-old schoolchildren. Data was collected using clinical examination and questionnaire. The clinical oral health status was recorded using Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Oral Hygiene Index – Simplified (OHI-S). The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographics, self reports of behaviour, knowledge and oral problems and a single-item measuring self-reported state and satisfaction with appearance of teeth. The Kappa values for test-retest of the questionnaire ranged from 0.55 to 0.97. RESULTS: Twenty-three per cent of the schoolchildren reported the state of teeth as bad. Multivariate logistic regression showed significant associations between schoolchildren who reported to have bad teeth and poor school performance (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.5), having bad breath (OR = 2.4), food impaction (OR = 1.7) dental visits (OR = 1.6), being dissatisfied with appearance of teeth (OR = 4.2) and caries experience (OR = 1.7). The explained variance was highest when the variables dental visits, bleeding gums, bad breath, food impaction and satisfaction with appearance were introduced into the model (19%). CONCLUSION: A quarter of 12-year-olds reported having bad teeth. The self-reported bad state of teeth was associated with poor school performance, having bad breath and food impaction, having visited a dentist, being dissatisfied with teeth appearance and having caries experience. Information from self-reports of children might help in planning effective strategies to promote oral health

Broad MICA/B expression in the small bowel mucosa: a link between cellular stress and celiac disease

The MICA/B genes (MHC class I chain related genes A and B) encode for non conventional class I HLA molecules which have no role in antigen presentation. MICA/B are up-regulated by different stress conditions such as heat-shock, oxidative stress, neoplasic transformation and viral infection. Particularly, MICA/B are expressed in enterocytes where they can mediate enterocyte apoptosis when recognised by the activating NKG2D receptor present on intraepithelial lymphocytes. This mechanism was suggested to play a major pathogenic role in active celiac disease (CD). Due to the importance of MICA/B in CD pathogenesis we studied their expression in duodenal tissue from CD patients. By immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry we established that MICA/B was mainly intracellularly located in enterocytes. In addition, we identified MICA/B+ T cells in both the intraepithelial and lamina propria compartments. We also found MICA/B+ B cells, plasma cells and some macrophages in the lamina propria. The pattern of MICA/B staining in mucosal tissue in severe enteropathy was similar to that found in in vitro models of cellular stress. In such models, MICA/B were located in stress granules that are associated to the oxidative and ER stress response observed in active CD enteropathy. Our results suggest that expression of MICA/B in the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is linked to disregulation of mucosa homeostasis in which the stress response plays an active role.Fil: Allegretti, Yessica Lorena. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bondar, Constanza María. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Guzmán, Luciana. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de la Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cueto Rua, Eduardo. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de la Plata; ArgentinaFil: Chopita, Nestor. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Gral. San Martin; ArgentinaFil: Fuertes, Mercedes Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Zwirner, Norberto Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Chirdo, Fernando Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Delayed β-cell response and glucose intolerance in young women with Turner syndrome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To investigate glucose homeostasis in detail in Turner syndrome (TS), where impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes are frequent.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cross sectional study of women with Turner syndrome (TS)(n = 13) and age and body mass index matched controls (C) (n = 13), evaluated by glucose tolerance (oral and intravenous glucose tolerance test (OGTT and IVGTT)), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp), beta-cell function (hyperglycaemic clamp, arginine and GLP-1 stimulation) and insulin pulsatility.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fasting glucose and insulin levels were similar. Higher glucose responses was seen in TS during OGTT and IVGTT, persisting after correction for body weight or muscle mass, while insulin responses were similar in TS and C, despite the higher glucose level in TS, leading to an insufficient increase in insulin response during dynamic testing. Insulin sensitivity was comparable in the two groups (TS vs. control: 8.6 ± 1.8 vs. 8.9 ± 1.8 mg/kg*30 min; p = 0.6), and the insulin responses to dynamic β-cell function tests were similar. Insulin secretion patterns examined by deconvolution analysis, approximate entropy, spectral analysis and autocorrelation analysis were similar. In addition we found low IGF-I, higher levels of cortisol and norepinephrine and an increased waist-hip ratio in TS.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Young normal weight TS women show significant glucose intolerance in spite of normal insulin secretion during hyperglycaemic clamping and normal insulin sensitivity. We recommend regularly testing for diabetes in TS.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Registered with <url>http://clinicaltrials.com</url>, ID nr: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00419107">NCT00419107</a></p

The pragmatic-semiotic construction of male identities in contemporary advertising of male grooming products

[EN] This article aims to unveil how male identities are constructed in a corpus of male toiletry TV ads through a pragmatic and multimodal analysis of a set of implicit assumptions conveyed about the male participants in the ads. The validity of these assumptions is first empirically tested with a group of 10 male informants and then those implied meanings are bundled into thematic cores for their qualitative and quantitative description. Findings reveal that these ads still rely on stereotypical constructs and traditional discourses of what it takes to be a man. For example, men are invited to consume grooming products but reminded to do it the men's way. Men are also reminded of their sexual power to seduce and attract women with the aid of the product. Likewise, by portraying male ad personae in traditional manly activities while emphasizing their toughness and body strength, or their resourcefulness when faced with challenging situations, the ads portray a rather skewed view of contemporary men, which fails to take into account the myriad roles a modern man can play in contemporary societies.I am really grateful to the reviewers for their insightful comments and also to the editor of the journal.Saz Rubio, MMD. (2019). The pragmatic-semiotic construction of male identities in contemporary advertising of male grooming products. Discourse & Communication. 13(2):192-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481318817621S192227132Alexander, S. M. (2003). Stylish Hard Bodies: Branded Masculinity in Men’s Health Magazine. Sociological Perspectives, 46(4), 535-554. doi:10.1525/sop.2003.46.4.535Attwood, F. (2005). ‘Tits and ass and porn and fighting’. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(1), 83-100. doi:10.1177/1367877905050165Rubio, M. D. S. (2018). A multimodal approach to the analysis of gender stereotypes in contemporary British TV commercials: «women and men at work». Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 54(2), 185-221. doi:10.1515/psicl-2018-0008Del Saz-Rubio, M. M. (2018). Female identities in TV toiletries ads: A pragmatic and multimodal analysis of implied meanings. Journal of Pragmatics, 136, 54-78. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.07.009Barthel, D. (s. f.). When Men put on Appearances: Advertising and the Social Construction of Masculinity. Men, Masculinity, and the Media, 138-153. doi:10.4135/9781483326023.n10Benwell, B. (2003). Introduction: Masculinity and men’s Lifestyle Magazines. The Sociological Review, 51(1_suppl), 6-29. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2003.tb03600.xBrandth, B. (1995). Rural masculinity in transition: Gender images in tractor advertisements. Journal of Rural Studies, 11(2), 123-133. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(95)00007-aBrandth, B., & Haugen, M. S. (2000). From lumberjack to business manager: masculinity in the Norwegian forestry press. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(3), 343-355. doi:10.1016/s0743-0167(00)00002-4Caldas-Coulthard, C. R., & van Leeuwen, T. (2002). 4. Stunning, shimmering, iridescent. Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 91-108. doi:10.1075/dapsac.2.05calCarrigan, T., Connell, B., & Lee, J. (1985). Toward a new sociology of masculinity. Theory and Society, 14(5), 551-604. doi:10.1007/bf00160017Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829-859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639Craig, S. (s. f.). Considering Men and the Media. Men, Masculinity, and the Media, 2-7. doi:10.4135/9781483326023.n1An, D., & Kim, S. (2007). Relating Hofstede’s masculinity dimension to gender role portrayals in advertising. International Marketing Review, 24(2), 181-207. doi:10.1108/02651330710741811Dick, A., Chakravarti, D., & Biehal, G. (1990). Memory-Based Inferences during Consumer Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(1), 82. doi:10.1086/208539Feasey, R. (2009). Spray more, get more: masculinity, television advertising and the Lynx effect. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(4), 357-368. doi:10.1080/09589230903260027Featherstone, M. (s. f.). The Body in Consumer Culture. The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory, 170-196. doi:10.4135/9781446280546.n6Firat, A. F., & Venkatesh, A. (1993). Postmodernity: The age of marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 10(3), 227-249. doi:10.1016/0167-8116(93)90009-nFollo, G. (2002). A hero’s journey: young women among males in forestry education. Journal of Rural Studies, 18(3), 293-306. doi:10.1016/s0743-0167(02)00006-2Franzoi, S. L. (1995). The body-as-object versus the body-as-process: Gender differences and gender considerations. Sex Roles, 33(5-6), 417-437. doi:10.1007/bf01954577Gill, R. (2003). Power and the Production of Subjects: A Genealogy of the New Man and the New Lad. The Sociological Review, 51(1_suppl), 34-56. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2003.tb03602.xGill, R., Henwood, K., & McLean, C. (2005). Body Projects and the Regulation of Normative Masculinity. Body & Society, 11(1), 37-62. doi:10.1177/1357034x05049849Grisot, C. (2017). A quantitative approach to conceptual, procedural and pragmatic meaning: Evidence from inter-annotator agreement. Journal of Pragmatics, 117, 245-263. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.06.020Hakala U (2003) Quantitative and qualitative methods of analysing advertising: Content analysis and semiotics. Series Discussion and Working Papers 5. Turku: Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, p. 51.Hall, M., Gough, B., & Seymour-Smith, S. (2012). «I’m METRO, NOT Gay!»: A Discursive Analysis of Men’s Accounts of Makeup Use on YouTube. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(3), 209-226. doi:10.3149/jms.2003.209Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2003). A Qualitative Investigation of Women’s and Men’s Body Image Concerns and Their Attitudes Toward Aging. Sex Roles, 49(11/12), 675-684. doi:10.1023/b:sers.0000003137.71080.97Hanke, R. (1998). Theorizing Masculinity With/In the Media. Communication Theory, 8(2), 183-201. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00217.xHarrison, C. (2008). Real men do wear mascara: advertising discourse and masculine identity. Critical Discourse Studies, 5(1), 55-74. doi:10.1080/17405900701768638Holt, D. B., & Thompson, C. J. (2004). Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consumption: Figure 1. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 425-440. doi:10.1086/422120Jackson, P. (1994). Black male: Advertising and the cultural politics of masculinity. Gender, Place & Culture, 1(1), 49-59. doi:10.1080/09663699408721200Kacen, J. J. (2000). Girrrl power and boyyy nature: the past, present, and paradisal future of consumer gender identity. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 18(6/7), 345-355. doi:10.1108/02634500010348932Kervin, D. (1990). Advertising Masculinity: The Representation of Males in Esquire Advertisements. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 14(1), 51-70. doi:10.1177/019685999001400106Kress, G. (2006). Reading Images. doi:10.4324/9780203619728Lee, D. H., & Olshavsky, R. W. (1995). Conditions and Consequences of Spontaneous Inference Generation: A Concurrent Protocol Approach. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61(2), 177-189. doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1014Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive Meanings. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5526.001.0001Luyt, R. (2012). Constructing hegemonic masculinities in South Africa: The discourse and rhetoric of heteronormativity. Gender and Language, 6(1). doi:10.1558/genl.v6i1.47McNeill, L. S., & Douglas, K. (2011). Retailing masculinity: Gender expectations and social image of male grooming products in New Zealand. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(5), 448-454. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2011.06.009McNeill, L. S., & Firman, J. L. (2014). Ideal body image: A male perspective on self. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 22(2), 136-143. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2014.04.001Moeschler, J. (s. f.). 15. Conversational and conventional implicatures. Cognitive Pragmatics. doi:10.1515/9783110214215.405Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Hopkins, C. (2003). Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(2), 111-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.4.2.111Nixon, S. (1996). Hard Looks. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-61442-4Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Borowiecki, J. J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and Body Image: The Relationship Between Muscularity and Self-Esteem, Depression, and Eating Disorder Symptoms. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112Pascoe, C. J. (2003). Multiple Masculinities? American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 1423-1438. doi:10.1177/0002764203046010009Patterson, M., & Elliott, R. (2002). Negotiating Masculinities: Advertising and the Inversion of the Male Gaze. Consumption Markets & Culture, 5(3), 231-249. doi:10.1080/10253860290031631Pennock-Speck, B., & del Saz-Rubio, M. M. (2013). A multimodal analysis of facework strategies in a corpus of charity ads on British television. Journal of Pragmatics, 49(1), 38-56. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2012.12.010Plakoyiannaki, E., & Zotos, Y. (2009). Female role stereotypes in print advertising. European Journal of Marketing, 43(11/12), 1411-1434. doi:10.1108/03090560910989966Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Bureau, B., deCol, C., Jouvent, R., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Body Image Perception Among Men in Three Countries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1297-1301. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297Renkema, J. (2004). Introduction to Discourse Studies. doi:10.1075/z.124Ringrow, H. (2016). The Language of Cosmetics Advertising. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55798-8Rohlinger, D. A. (2002). Sex Roles, 46(3/4), 61-74. doi:10.1023/a:1016575909173Rudy, R. M., Popova, L., & Linz, D. G. (2010). The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender Roles: An Introduction to a Special Issue. Sex Roles, 62(11-12), 705-720. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9807-1Schroeder, J. E., & Zwick, D. (2004). Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images. Consumption Markets & Culture, 7(1), 21-52. doi:10.1080/1025386042000212383Tashakkori, A., & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Editorial: The New Era of Mixed Methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 3-7. doi:10.1177/2345678906293042Thompson, C. J., & Hirschman, E. C. (1995). Understanding the Socialized Body: A Poststructuralist Analysis of Consumers’ Self-Conceptions, Body Images, and Self-Care Practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(2), 139. doi:10.1086/209441THOMPSON, E. H., & PLECK, J. H. (1986). The Structure of Male Role Norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29(5), 531-543. doi:10.1177/000276486029005003Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Discourse, Ideology and Context. Folia Linguistica, 35(1-2). doi:10.1515/flin.2001.35.1-2.11Van Dijk, T. A. (2005). War rhetoric of a little ally. The Soft Power of War, 4(1), 65-91. doi:10.1075/jlp.4.1.04dijVan Dijk, T. A. (2006). Politics, Ideology, and Discourse. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 728-740. doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00722-7Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001Wernick, A. (1991). Promotional Culture. Ideology and Power in the Age of Lenin in Ruins, 260-281. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-22346-6_17Wheaton, B. (2003). Lifestyle Sport Magazines and the Discourses of Sporting Masculinity. The Sociological Review, 51(1_suppl), 193-221. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2003.tb03612.xWodak, R. (2007). Pragmatics and Critical Discourse Analysis. Pragmatics & Cognition, 15(1), 203-225. doi:10.1075/pc.15.1.13wo

Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-Eye Star

© 2020 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Some of the most scientifically valuable transiting planets are those that were already known from radial velocity (RV) surveys. This is primarily because their orbits are well characterized and they preferentially orbit bright stars that are the targets of RV surveys. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) provides an opportunity to survey most of the known exoplanet systems in a systematic fashion to detect possible transits of their planets. HD 136352 (Nu2 Lupi) is a naked-eye (V = 5.78) G-type main-sequence star that was discovered to host three planets with orbital periods of 11.6, 27.6, and 108.1 days via RV monitoring with the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph. We present the detection and characterization of transits for the two inner planets of the HD 136352 system, revealing radii of 1.482-0.056+0.058 R ⊕ and 2.608-0.077+0.078 R ⊕ for planets b and c, respectively. We combine new HARPS observations with RV data from the Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer and the Anglo-Australian Telescope, along with TESS photometry from Sector 12, to perform a complete analysis of the system parameters. The combined data analysis results in extracted bulk density values of ρb = 7.8-1.1+1.2 g cm-3 and ρc = 3.50-0.36+0.41 g cm-3 for planets b and c, respectively, thus placing them on either side of the radius valley. The combination of the multitransiting planet system, the bright host star, and the diversity of planetary interiors and atmospheres means this will likely become a cornerstone system for atmospheric and orbital characterization of small worlds.Peer reviewe

Mental health training programmes for non-mental health trained professionals coming into contact with people with mental ill health: a systematic review of effectiveness

Background The police and others in occupations where they come into close contact with people experiencing/with mental ill health, often have to manage difficult and complex situations. Training is needed to equip them to recognise and assist when someone has a mental health issue or learning/intellectual disability. We undertook a systematic review of the effectiveness of training programmes aimed at increasing knowledge, changing behaviour and/or attitudes of the trainees with regard to mental ill health, mental vulnerability, and learning disabilities. Methods Databases searched from 1995 onwards included: ASSIA, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials (CENTRAL), Criminal Justice Abstracts, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index. Courses, training, or learning packages aimed at helping police officers and others who interact with the public in a similar way to deal with people with mental health problems were included. Primary outcomes were change in practice and change in outcomes for the groups of people the trainees come into contact with. Systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non- randomised controlled trials (non-RCTs) were included and quality assessed. In addition non-comparative evaluations of training for police in England were included. Results From 8578 search results, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria: one systematic review, 12 RCTs, three prospective non-RCTs, and three non-comparative studies. The training interventions identified included broad mental health awareness training and packages addressing a variety of specific mental health issues or conditions. Trainees included police officers, teachers and other public sector workers. Some short term positive changes in behaviour were identified for trainees, but for the people the trainees came into contact with there was little or no evidence of benefit. Conclusions A variety of training programmes exist for non-mental health professionals who come into contact with people who have mental health issues. There may be some short term change in behaviour for the trainees, but longer term follow up is needed. Research evaluating training for UK police officers is needed in which a number of methodological issues need to be addressed

Tooth brushing, tongue cleaning and snacking behaviour of dental technology and therapist students

Objective: To determine the tooth brushing, tongue cleaning and snacking behaviour of dental technology and therapist students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of students of Federal School of Dental Therapy and Technology Enugu, Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on demography, frequency, duration and technique of tooth brushing and tongue cleaning as well as information on consumption of snacks. Results: A total of 242 students responded. Dental technology students made up 52.5% of the respondents and dental therapist in training made up 47.5%. Majority (63.2%) of the respondents considered the strength of tooth brush when purchasing a tooth brush and 78.9% use tooth brushes with medium strength. Seven-tenth (71.9%) of the respondents brush their teeth twice daily and 52.1% brush for 3&#x2013;5 minutes. About one-third (30.2%) brush their teeth in front of a mirror. Chewing stick was used by 51.7% of respondents in addition to the use of tooth brush. Tongue cleaning was done by 94.2% with only 9.5% using a tongue cleaner. Only 20.2% reported regular snacks consumption. Nine-tenth (90.4%) of respondents were previously involved in educating others, apart from their colleagues, on tooth brushing. Conclusion: This survey revealed that most of the dental therapy and technology students had satisfactory tooth-brushing behaviour. The zeal to educate others about proper tooth brushing revealed in this study suggests that the students may be helpful in oral health promotion