AJAE Appendix: Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages and Unemployment

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Estimating household responses to trade reforms : net consumers and net producers in rural Mexico

This paper explores an empirical methodology to assess the impacts of trade reforms on household behavior in developing countries. It focuses on consumption and income responses: when price reforms take place, households modify consumption and production decisions and local labor markets adjust. The paper proposes a joint estimator of demand and wage price elasticities from survey data. The method uses an empirical model of demand to extract price information from unit values, and uses this information to estimate the response of households to price reforms. By correcting unit values for quality effects and measurement error, the method overcomes the problem of the endogeneity of unit values. By endogeneizing household income, the model corrects potential biases in the estimation of own- and cross-price elasticities in consumption. The paper applies the method to an expenditure and income survey for rural Mexico. It shows that the corrections suggested in this paper are empirically important. In particular, it shows that allowing for consumption and income responses is a key element of an accurate empirical assessment of trade policy.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access,Inequality

Trade reforms, market access, and poverty in Argentina

Much of the literature that studies the relationship between trade and poverty in developing countries focuses on the effects of national trade reforms, such as own tariff reductions. In contrast, the World Trade Organization negotiations at the Doha Round were more concerned with the poverty effects on low-income countries, and of foreign reforms, such as the elimination of agricultural subsidies in industrial economies. The author empirically compares the relative poverty impacts of national and foreign trade reforms in Argentina. The author investigates national trade reforms, including tariff cuts on consumption goods and capital goods in Argentina. Foreign trade reforms include the elimination, in industrial countries, of agricultural subsidies and trade barriers on agricultural manufactures and industrial manufactures. Thesepolicies enhance the market access of Argentine exports. Overall, a combination of own reforms and enhanced market access would cause poverty to decline by between 1.7 and 4.6 percentage points. This evidence suggests that trade policies can be important poverty-reducing instruments in Argentina.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Labor Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Health Economics&Finance,Markets and Market Access

Fast Authentication in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The growing diffusion of wireless devices is leading to an increasing demand for mobility and security. At the same time, most applications can only tolerate short breaks in the data flow, so that it is a challenge to find out mobility and authentication methods able to cope with these constraints. This paper aims to propose an authentication scheme which significantly shortens the authentication latency and that can be deployed in a variety of wireless environments ranging from common Wireless LANs (WLANs) to satellite-based access networks

Trophonella (Gastropoda: Muricidae), a New Genus from Antarctic Waters, with the Description of a New Species

The new genus Trophonella is described from the outer shelf and upper continental slope of Antarcticaand islands within the Antarctic Convergence. Four previously known species that had been attributed to the genusTrophon (Trophon scotianus Powell, 1951; T. echinolamellatus Powell, 1951; T. enderbyensis Powell, 1958; and T.eversoni Houart, 1997) are included in Trophonella, as is one new species (Trophonella rugosolamellata) describedherein. Trophonella resembles Trophon in gross shell morphology: the members of both genera have large, globoseshells, paucispiral protoconchs, prominent axial lamellae, and short siphonal canals. Trophonella differs fromTrophon in having shells with evenly rounded whorls that lack a well-defined shoulder; rachidian teeth withdistinctive, broadly triangular central cusps, but that lack the marginal cusps of Trophon; characteristic sphericalaccessory salivary glands; and a circumpapillar fold on the penis that is absent in Trophon. Relationships of thegenera Trophon and Trophonella, as well as of the subfamily Trophoninae are reexamined by supplementing the datamatrix of Kool (1993b, Table 3) with data for additional taxa. Results support the segregation of Trophonella fromTrophon at the generic level. Based on the relationships of the type species of their respective nominotypical genera,Trophoninae is either the sister taxon of a narrowly circumscribed Ocenebrinae, or both are part of a larger clade. Abetter resolved phylogeny containing a much broader sampling of the more than 50 genus-level taxa that have beenattributed to these two subfamilies will be required in order to delineate more precisely the membership of the cladeand to identify its diagnostic synapomorphies.Fil: Harasewych, M. G.. National Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Pastorino, Roberto Santiago Guido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

Farm Productivity and Market Structure. Evidence From Cotton Reforms in Zambia

This paper investigates the impacts of cotton marketing reforms on farm productivity, a key element for poverty alleviation, in rural Zambia. The reforms comprised the elimination of the Zambian cotton marketing board that was in place since 1977. Following liberalization, the sector adopted an outgrower scheme, whereby firms provided extension services to farmers and sold inputs on loans that were repaid at the time of harvest. There are two distinctive phases of the reforms: a failure of the outgrower scheme, and a subsequent period of success of the scheme. Our findings indicate that the reforms led to interesting dynamics in cotton farming. During the phase of failure, farmers were pushed back into subsistence and productivity in cotton declined. With the improvement of the outgrower scheme of later years, farmers devoted larger shares of land to cash crops, and farm productivity significantly increased.cotton marketing reforms, farm productivity

Trends in tariff reforms and trends in wage inequality

The authors provide new evidence on the impacts of trade reforms on wages and wage inequality in developing countries. While most of the current literature on the topic achieves identification by comparing outcomes before and after one episode of trade liberalization across industries, they propose a stronger identifying strategy. The authors explore the recent historical record of policy changes adopted by Argentina: from significant protection in the early 1970s, to the first episode of liberalization during the late 1970s, back to a slowdown of reforms during the 1980s, to the second episode of liberalization in the 1990s. These swings in trade policy comprise broken trends in trade reforms that they can compare with observed trends in wages and wage inequality. After setting up unusual historical data sets of trends in tariffs, trends in wages, and trends in wage inequality, the evidence supports two well-known hypotheses: trade liberalization, other things being equal, (1) has reduced wages, and (2) has increased wage inequality.Free Trade,Economic Theory&Research,Trade Policy,Export Competitiveness,Labor Markets

Farm productivity and marketstructure : evidence from cotton reforms in Zambia

This paper investigates the impacts of cotton marketing reforms on farm productivity, a key element for poverty alleviation, in rural Zambia. The reforms comprised the elimination of the Zambian cotton marketing board that was in place since 1977. Following liberalization, the sector adopted an outgrower scheme, whereby firms provided extension services to farmers and sold inputs on loans that were repaid at the time of harvest. There are two distinctive phases of the reforms: a failure of the outgrower scheme, and a subsequent period of success of the scheme. The authors'findings indicate that the reforms led to interesting dynamics in cotton farming. During the phase of failure, farmers were pushed back into subsistence and productivity in cotton declined. With the improvement of the outgrower scheme of later years, farmers devoted larger shares of land to cash crops, and farm productivity significantly increased.Crops&Crop Management Systems,Economic Theory&Research,Livestock&Animal Husbandry,Rural Poverty Reduction,Rural Development Knowledge&Information Systems