2,795 research outputs found
The Ellipticity and Orientation of Clusters of Galaxies from N-Body Experiments
In this study we use simulations of 128 particles to study the
ellipticity and orientation of clusters of galaxies in N-body simulations of
differing power-law initial spectra (P(k) \propto k^n ,n = +1, 0, -1, -2\Omega_0 = 0.2nD < 15 h^{-1}n-$dependent way.Comment: 22 pages, requires aaspp4.sty, flushrt.sty, and epsf.sty Revised
manuscript, accepted for publication in Ap
Alignments of the Dominant Galaxies in Poor Clusters
We have examined the orientations of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in
poor MKW and AWM clusters and find that, like their counterparts in richer
Abell clusters, poor cluster BCGs exhibit a strong propensity to be aligned
with the principal axes of their host clusters as well as the surrounding
distribution of nearby (< 20/h Mpc) Abell clusters. The processes responsible
for dominant galaxy alignments are therefore independent of cluster richness.
We argue that these alignments most likely arise from anisotropic infall of
material into clusters along large-scale filaments.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Einstein Cluster Alignments Revisited
We have examined whether the major axes of rich galaxy clusters tend to point
toward their nearest neighboring cluster. We have used the data of Ulmer,
McMillan, and Kowalski, who used position angles based on X-ray morphology. We
also studied a subset of this sample with updated positions and distances from
the MX Northern Abell Cluster Survey (for rich clusters () with well
known redshifts). A Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test showed no significant signal
for nonrandom angles on any scale Mpc. However, refining the
null hypothesis with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, we found a high confidence
signal for alignment. Confidence levels increase to a high of 99.997% as only
near neighbors which are very close are considered. We conclude there is a
strong alignment signal in the data, consistent with gravitational instability
acting on Gaussian perturbations.Comment: Minor revisions. To be published in Ap
X-ray Galaxy Clusters in NoSOCS: Substructure and the Correlation of Optical and X-ray Properties
We present a comparison of optical and X-ray properties of galaxy clusters in
the northern sky. We determine the recovery rate of X-ray detected clusters in
the optical as a function of richness, redshift and X-ray luminosity, showing
that the missed clusters are typically low contrast systems when observed
optically. We employ four different statistical tests to test for the presence
of substructure using optical two-dimensional data, finding that approximately
35% of the clusters show strong signs of substructure. However, the results are
test-dependent, with variations also due to the magnitude range and radius
utilized.We have also performed a comparison of X-ray luminosity and
temperature with optical galaxy counts (richness). We find that the slope and
scatter of the relations between richness and the X-ray properties are heavily
dependent on the density contrast of the clusters. The selection of
substructure-free systems does not improve the correlation between X-ray
luminosity and richness, but this comparison also shows much larger scatter
than one obtained using the X-ray temperature. In the latter case, the sample
is significantly reduced because temperature measurements are available only
for the most massive (and thus high contrast) systems. However, the comparison
between temperature and richness is very sensitive to the exclusion of clusters
showing signs of substructure. The correlation of X-ray luminosity and richness
is based on the largest sample to date ( 750 clusters), while tests
involving temperature use a similar number of objects as previous works
(\lsim100). The results presented here are in good agreement with existing
literature.Comment: 32 pages, 18 figures, ApJ in press, including minor changes following
the ApJ's editio
The Nearest Neighbor Alignment of Cluster X-ray Isophotes
We examine the orientations of rich galaxy cluster X-ray isophotes with
respect to their rich nearest neighbors using existing samples of Abell cluster
position angles measured from {\it Einstein} and {\it ROSAT} observations. We
study a merged subset of these samples using updated and improved positions and
redshifts for Abell/ACO clusters. We find high confidence for alignment, which
increases as nearest neighbor distance is restricted. We conclude that there is
a strong alignment signal in all this data, consistent with gravitational
instability acting on Gaussian perturbations.Comment: Moderate revisions, including additional test for systematic error.
Conclusions unchanged. Accepted for publication in Ap
Two-Temperature Intracluster Medium in Merging Clusters of Galaxies
We investigate the evolution of intracluster medium during a cluster merger,
explicitly considering the relaxation process between the ions and electrons by
N-body and hydrodynamical simulations. When two subclusters collide each other,
a bow shock is formed between the centers of two substructures and propagate in
both directions along the collision axis. The shock primarily heats the ions
because the kinetic energy of an ion entering the shock is larger than that of
an electron by the ratio of masses. In the post-shock region the energy is
transported from the ions to electrons via Coulomb coupling. However, since the
energy exchange timescale depends both on the gas density and temperature,
distribution of electron temperature becomes more complex than that of the
plasma mean temperature, especially in the expanding phase. After the collision
of two subclusters, gas outflow occurs not only along the collision axis but
also in its perpendicular direction. The gas which is originally located in the
central part of the subclusters moves both in the parallel and perpendicular
directions. Since the equilibrium timescale of the gas along these directions
is relatively short, temperature difference between ions and electrons is
larger in the directions tilted by the angles of with respect to
the collision axis. The electron temperature could be significantly lower that
the plasma mean temperature by at most. The significance of our
results in the interpretation of X-ray observations is briefly discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap
Cluster Alignments and Ellipticities in LCDM Cosmology
The ellipticities and alignments of clusters of galaxies, and their evolution
with redshift, are examined in the context of a Lambda-dominated cold dark
matter cosmology. We use a large-scale, high-resolution N-body simulation to
model the matter distribution in a light cone containing ~10^6 clusters out to
redshifts of z=3. Cluster ellipticities are determined as a function of mass,
radius, and redshift, both in 3D and in projection. We find strong cluster
ellipticities: the mean ellipticity increases with redshift from 0.3 at z=0 to
0.5 at z=3, for both 3D and 2D ellipticities; the evolution is well-fit by
e=0.33+0.05z. The ellipticities increase with cluster mass and with cluster
radius; the main cluster body is more elliptical than the cluster cores, but
the increase of ellipticities with redshift is preserved. Using the fitted
cluster ellipsoids, we determine the alignment of clusters as a function of
their separation. We find strong alignment of clusters for separations <100
Mpc/h; the alignment increases with decreasing separation and with increasing
redshift. The evolution of clusters from highly aligned and elongated systems
at early times to lower alignment and elongation at present reflects the
hierarchical and filamentary nature of structure formation. These measures of
cluster ellipticity and alignment will provide a new test of the current
cosmological model when compared with upcoming cluster surveys.Comment: 29 pages including 13 figures, to appear in ApJ Jan. 2005 (corrected
typos, added reference
First Results from the Large Area Lyman Alpha Survey
We report on a new survey for z=4.5 Lyman alpha sources, the Large Area Lyman
Alpha (LALA) survey. Our survey achieves an unprecedented combination of volume
and sensitivity by using narrow-band filters on the new 8192x8192 pixel CCD
Mosaic Camera at the 4 meter Mayall telescope of Kitt Peak National
Observatory.
Well-detected sources with flux and equivalent width matching known high
redshift Lyman alpha galaxies (i.e., observed equivalent width above 80
Angstroms and line+continuum flux between 2.6e-17 and 5.2e-17 erg/cm^2/sec in
an 80 Angstrom filter) have an observed surface density corresponding to 11000
+- 700 per square degree per unit redshift at z=4.5. Spatial variation in this
surface density is apparent on comparison between counts in 6561 and 6730
Angstrom filters.
Early spectroscopic followup results from the Keck telescope included three
sources meeting our criteria for good Lyman alpha candidates. Of these, one is
confirmed as a z=4.52 source, while another remains consistent with either
z=4.55 or z=0.81. We infer that 30 to 50% of our good candidates are bona fide
Lyman alpha emitters, implying a net density of about 4000 Lyman alpha galaxies
per square degree per unit redshift.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures (3 .ps files), uses AASTeX 4. Submitted to The
Astrophysical Journal Letter
The Intrinsic Alignment of Dark Halo Substructures
We investigate the intrinsic alignments of dark halo substructures with their
host halo major-axis orientations both analytically and numerically.
Analytically, we derive the probability density distribution of the angles
between the minor axes of the substructures and the major axes of their host
halos from the physical principles, under the assumption that the substructure
alignment on galaxy scale is a consequence of the tidal fields of the host halo
gravitational potential. Numerically, we use a sample of four cluster-scale
halos and their galaxy-scale substructures from recent high-resolution N-body
simulations to measure the probability density distribution. We compare the
numerical distribution with the analytic prediction, and find that the two
results agree with each other very well. We conclude that our analytic model
provides a quantitative physical explanation for the intrinsic alignment of
dark halo substructures. We also discuss the possibility of discriminating our
model from the anisotropic infall scenario by testing it against very large
N-body simulations in the future.Comment: accepted version, ApJL in press, minor revision, 12 pages, 2 figure
Cluster Ellipticities as a Cosmological Probe
We investigate the dependence of ellipticities of clusters of galaxies on
cosmological parameters using large-scale cosmological simulations. We
determine cluster ellipticities out to redshift unity for LCDM models with
different mean densities and amplitudes of mass fluctuation
. The mean ellipticity increases monotonically with redshift for
all models. Larger values of , i.e., earlier cluster formation
time, produce lower ellipticities. The dependence of ellipticity on
is relatively weak in the range for high mass
clusters. The mean ellipticity decreases linearly with the
amplitude of fluctuations at the cluster redshift , nearly independent of
; on average, older clusters are more relaxed and are thus less
elliptical. The distribution of ellipticities about the mean is approximated by
a Gaussian, allowing a simple characterization of the evolution of ellipticity
with redshift as a function of cosmological parameters. At , the mean
ellipticity of high mass clusters is approximated by . This relation opens up the
possibility that, when compared with future observations of large cluster
samples, the mean cluster ellipticity and its evolution could be used as a new,
independent tool to constrain cosmological parameters, especially the amplitude
of mass fluctuations, .Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
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