Antimony speciation in spirits stored in PET bottles: identification of a novel antimony complex

Total antimony and its +V and +III oxidation state species were determined in twelve spirit samples (Greek raki and tsipouro) stored in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Reliable and reproducible results were obtained following direct analysis by using ICP-MS providing total Sb concentrations between 0.4-4 mu g L-1. Antimony speciation analysis by LC-ICP-MS was also assessed, showing the presence of both inorganic Sb species along with an unknown Sb complex, which was the predominant species in all samples analysed. The structure of this complex was investigated by using liquid chromatography with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis gave evidence for an acetaldehyde-bisulphite pyruvate Sb complex with the formula: C7H14O12S2Sb. The proposed ligands are organic substances expected to be present in the raki matrix. In addition, the influence of high temperature storage conditions and extended exposure times up to two weeks, on Sb migration from PET bottles into raki samples was investigated. Total Sb and Sb species content was determined by ICP-MS and LC-ICP-MS, respectively. The concentrations determined were in the range of 5.6 to 28 mu g Sb per L spirit after a week of storage at 60 degrees C. In which case, inorganic Sb(V) and Sb(III) became the predominant species in comparison to the 'novel' organic Sb complex

Outlook and challenges for hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials

Considerable progress has been made recently in the use of nanoporous materials for hydrogen storage. In this article, the current status of the field and future challenges are discussed, ranging from important open fundamental questions, such as the density and volume of the adsorbed phase and its relationship to overall storage capacity, to the development of new functional materials and complete storage system design. With regard to fundamentals, the use of neutron scattering to study adsorbed H2, suitable adsorption isotherm equations, and the accurate computational modelling and simulation of H2 adsorption are discussed. The new materials covered include flexible metal-organic frameworks, core-shell materials, and porous organic cage compounds. The article concludes with a discussion of the experimental investigation of real adsorptive hydrogen storage tanks, the improvement in the thermal conductivity of storage beds, and new storage system concepts and designs.Scopu

Interaction of Hydrogen with Graphitic Surfaces, Clean and Doped with Metal Clusters

Producción CientíficaHydrogen is viewed as a possible alternative to the fossil fuels in transportation. The technology of fuel-cell engines is fully developed, and the outstanding remaining problem is the storage of hydrogen in the vehicle. Porous materials, in which hydrogen is adsorbed on the pore walls, and in particular nanoporous carbons, have been investigated as potential onboard containers. Furthermore, metallic nanoparticles embedded in porous carbons catalyze the dissociation of hydrogen in the anode of the fuel cells. For these reasons the interaction of hydrogen with the surfaces of carbon materials is a topic of high technological interest. Computational modeling and the density functional formalism (DFT) are helping in the task of discovering the basic mechanisms of the interaction of hydrogen with clean and doped carbon surfaces. Planar and curved graphene provide good models for the walls of porous carbons. We first review work on the interaction of molecular and atomic hydrogen with graphene and graphene nanoribbons, and next we address the effects due to the presence of metal clusters on the surface because of the evidence of their role in enhancing hydrogen storage.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Grant MAT2014-54378-R

Cryogenic Characterization of FBK RGB-HD SiPMs

We report on the cryogenic characterization of Red Green Blue - High Density (RGB-HD) SiPMs developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) as part of the DarkSide program of dark matter searches with liquid argon time projection chambers. A dedicated setup was used to measure the primary dark noise, the correlated noise, and the gain of the SiPMs at varying temperatures. A custom-made data acquisition system and analysis software were used to precisely characterize these parameters. We demonstrate that FBK RGB-HD SiPMs with low quenching resistance (RGB-HD-LR$_q$) can be operated from 40 K to 300 K with gains in the range $10^5$ to $10^6$ and noise rates on the order of a few Hz/mm$^2$

SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors using electroluminescence in the visible and near infrared range

Proportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The “standard” EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms (“neutral bremsstrahlung”, NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science

Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon

Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, 39Ar, a β emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric 39Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of 39Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of 39Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the 39Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly γ-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector

Enhancing of CO Uptake in Metal-Organic Frameworks by Linker Functionalization: A Multi-Scale Theoretical Study

In the present work, the interaction strength of Carbon Monoxide (CO) with a set of forty-two, strategically selected, functionalized benzenes was calculated. Our ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G** level of theory reveal that phenyl hydrogen sulfate (-OSO3H) showed the highest interaction with CO (−19.5 kJ/mol), which was approximately three times stronger compared with the unfunctionalized benzene (−5.3 kJ/mol). Moreover, the three top-performing functional groups (-OSO3H, -OPO3H2, -SO3H) were selected to modify the organic linker of IRMOF-8 and test their ability to capture CO at 298 K for a wide pressure range. Our Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations showed a significant increase in the CO uptake in the functionalized MOFs compared with the parent IRMOF-8. It is distinctive that for the volumetric uptake, a 60× increase was observed at 1 bar and 2× was observed at 100 bar. The proposed functionalization strategy can be applied for improving the CO uptake performance not only in MOFs but also in various other porous materials

Enhancing NO Uptake in Metal-Organic Frameworks via Linker Functionalization. A Multi-Scale Theoretical Study

In the present work, ab initio calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were combined to investigate the effect of linker functionalization on nitric oxide (NO)’s storage ability of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The binding energy (BE) of nitric oxide with a set of forty-two strategically selected, functionalized benzenes was investigated using Density Functional Theory calculations at the RI-DSD-BLYP/def2-TZVPP level of theory. It was found that most of the functional groups (FGs) increased the interaction strength compared to benzene. Phenyl hydrogen sulfate (–OSO3H) was the most promising among the set of ligands, with an enhancement of 150%. The organic linker of IRMOF-8 was modified with the three top-performing functional groups (–OSO3H, –OPO3H2, –SO3H). Their ability for NO adsorption was investigated using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations at an ambient temperature and a wide pressure range. The results showed great enhancement in NO uptake constituting the above-mentioned FGs, suggesting them to be promising modification candidates in a plethora of porous materials

Enhancing NO Uptake in Metal-Organic Frameworks via Linker Functionalization. A Multi-Scale Theoretical Study

In the present work, ab initio calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were combined to investigate the effect of linker functionalization on nitric oxide (NO)’s storage ability of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The binding energy (BE) of nitric oxide with a set of forty-two strategically selected, functionalized benzenes was investigated using Density Functional Theory calculations at the RI-DSD-BLYP/def2-TZVPP level of theory. It was found that most of the functional groups (FGs) increased the interaction strength compared to benzene. Phenyl hydrogen sulfate (–OSO3H) was the most promising among the set of ligands, with an enhancement of 150%. The organic linker of IRMOF-8 was modified with the three top-performing functional groups (–OSO3H, –OPO3H2, –SO3H). Their ability for NO adsorption was investigated using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations at an ambient temperature and a wide pressure range. The results showed great enhancement in NO uptake constituting the above-mentioned FGs, suggesting them to be promising modification candidates in a plethora of porous materials

Multiscale Theoretical Study of Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) Adsorption in Metal–Organic Frameworks

In the present work, we used DFT in order to study the interaction of SO2 with 41 strategically functionalized benzenes that can be incorporated in MOF linkers. The interaction energy of phenyl phosphonic acid (–PO3H2) with SO2 was determined to be the strongest (−10.1 kcal/mol), which is about 2.5 times greater than the binding energy with unfunctionalized benzene (−4.1 kcal/mol). To better understand the nature of SO2 interactions with functionalized benzenes, electron redistribution density maps of the relevant complexes with SO2 were created. In addition, three of the top performing functional groups were selected (–PO3H2, –CNH2NOH, –OSO3H) to modify the IRMOF-8 organic linker and calculate its SO2 adsorption capacity with Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. Our results showed a great increase in the absolute volumetric uptake at low pressures, indicating that the suggested functionalization technique can be used to enhance the SO2 uptake capability not only in MOFs but in a variety of porous materials