Analysis and acoustooptical measurements of bulk and surface acoustic wave fields

The development of multielement ultrasonic transducers having full field amplitude and phase control is discussed. In addition, the measurement of the surface particle displacement caused by an idealized impulse load on the surface, the three dimensional mapping of acoustic fields using optical scanning techniques, and the measurement of two dimensional stress distributions using embedded optical fiber sensors are addressed

Measurement of ultrasonic fields in transparent media using a scanning differential interferometer

An experimental system for the detection of three dimensional acoustic fields in optically transparent media using a dual beam differential interferometer is described. In this system, two coherent, parallel, focused laser beams are passed through the specimen and the interference fringe pattern which results when these beams are combined shifts linearly by an amount which is related to the optical pathlength difference between the two beams. It is shown that for small signals, the detector output is directly proportional to the amplitude of the acoustic field integrated along the optical beam path through the specimen. A water tank and motorized optical platform were constructed to allow these dual beams to be scanned through an ultrasonic field generated by a piezoelectric transducer at various distances from the transducer. Scan data for the near, Fresnel, and far zones of a uniform, circular transducer are presented and an algorithm for constructing the radial field profile from this integrated optical data, assuming cylindrical symmetry, is described

Assessing movements of three buoy line types using DSTmilli Loggers: Implications for entanglements of bottlenose dolphins in the crab pot fishery

A study was conducted in October 2006 in the Charleston, South Carolina area to test the movements of three different buoy line types to determine which produced a preferred profile that could reduce the risk of dolphin entanglement. Tests on diamond-braided nylon commonly used in the crab pot fishery were compared with stiffened line of Esterpro and calf types in both shallow and deep water environments using DSTmilli data loggers. Loggers were placed at intervals along the lines to record depth, and thus movements, over a 24 hour period. Three observers viewed video animations and charts created for each of the six trial days from the collected logger data and provided their opinions on the most desirable line type that fit set criteria. A quantitative analysis (ANCOVA) of the data was conducted taking into consideration daily tidal fluctuations and logger movements. Loggers tracking the tides had an r2 value approaching 1.00 and produced little movement other than with the tides. Conversely, r2 values approaching 0.00 were less affected by tidal movement and influenced by currents that cause more erratic movement. Results from this study showed that stiffened line, in particular the medium lay Esterpro type, produced the more desirable profiles that could reduce risk of dolphin entanglement. Combining the observer’s results with the ANCOVA results, Esterpro was chosen nearly 60% of the time as opposed to the nylon line which was only chosen 10% of the time. ANCOVA results showed that the stiffened lines performed better in both the shallow and deep water environments, while the nylon line only performed better during one trial in a deep water set, most probably due to the increased current velocities experienced that day. (58pp.)(PDF contains 68 pages

Housing and child development: key dimensions, knowledge gaps and issues for future research in Australia

This paper begins by reviewing the existing international literature on the links between housing and child development. The housing environment can significantly improve or hinder a child’s physical, social, emotional, behavioural and cognitive development directly and via its impacts on the child’s parenting methods. The review of international literature is drawn from a range of disciplines including sociology, epidemiology, economics, housing policy, social welfare, health, medicine, child development and psychology. It highlights key dimensions of children’s housing circumstances that are associated with their health and development. These include housing tenure, neighbourhood conditions, housing affordability, homelessness, frequency of residential moves, extent of crowding, housing disrepair, environmental allergens and toxicants used in the home. The paper also raises some important conceptual and methodological issues that need to be addressed in examining the causal pathways through which housing factors influence child developmental outcomes. In particular, there is a need to isolate housing factors from confounding influences such as parental socio-economic status and identify mediating factors such as parenting behaviour, and the inter-relationships between different housing factors that need to be accounted for.There is currently a dearth of empirical studies that analyse the links between housing and child development in Australia, despite the plethora of studies examining these links in other developed countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. Hence, the third part of this paper utilises officially published statistics and the limited pool of Australian studies to highlight key policy issues requiring urgent empirical research in Australia in the near future. These issues include the disparity in housing conditions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, the impact of homelessness on children and measuring the impacts of housing affordability stress on child development

Assessment of cleaning to control lead dust in homes of children with moderate lead poisoning: treatment of lead-exposed children trial

In this article we describe the assessment and control of lead dust exposure in the Treatment of Lead-exposed Children (TLC) Trial, a clinical trial of the effects of oral chelation on developmental end points in urban children with moderately elevated blood lead levels. To reduce potential lead exposure from settled dust or deteriorated paint during the drug treatment phase of the trial, the homes of 765 (98%) of the randomized children (both active and placebo drug treatment groups) were professionally cleaned. Lead dust measurements were made in a sample of 213 homes before and after cleaning. Geometric mean dust lead loadings before cleaning were 43, 29, 308, and 707 micro g/ft2 in the kitchen floor, playroom floor, playroom windowsill, and playroom window well samples respectively. Following cleaning, floor dust lead loadings were reduced on average 32% for paired floor samples (p < 0.0001), 66% for windowsills (p < 0.0001), and 93% for window wells (p < 0.0001). Cleaning was most effective for 146 homes with precleaning dust lead levels above the recommended clearance levels, with average reductions of 44%, 74%, and 93% for floors (p < 0.0001), windowsills (p < 0.0001), and window wells (p < 0.0001), respectively. Despite these substantial reductions in dust lead loadings, a single professional cleaning did not reduce the lead loadings of all dust samples to levels below current federal standards for lead in residential dust. Attainment of dust levels below current standards will require more intensive cleaning and lead hazard reduction strategies