How young radiologists use contrast media and manage adverse reactions: an international survey

Objectives: To collect real-world data about the knowledge and self-perception of young radiologists concerning the use of contrast media (CM) and the management of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Methods: A survey (29 questions) was distributed to residents and board-certified radiologists younger than 40 years to investigate the current international situation in young radiology community regarding CM and ADRs. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed. Results: Out of 454 respondents from 48 countries (mean age: 31.7 ± 4 years, range 25–39), 271 (59.7%) were radiology residents and 183 (40.3%) were board-certified radiologists. The majority (349, 76.5%) felt they were adequately informed regarding the use of CM. However, only 141 (31.1%) received specific training on the use of CM and 82 (18.1%) about management ADR during their residency. Although 266 (58.6%) knew safety protocols for handling ADR, 69.6% (316) lacked confidence in their ability to manage CM-induced ADRs and 95.8% (435) expressed a desire to enhance their understanding of CM use and handling of CM-induced ADRs. Nearly 300 respondents (297; 65.4%) were aware of the benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, but 249 (54.8%) of participants did not perform it. The preferred CM injection strategy in CT parenchymal examination and CT angiography examination was based on patient’s lean body weight in 318 (70.0%) and 160 (35.2%), a predeterminate fixed amount in 79 (17.4%) and 116 (25.6%), iodine delivery rate in 26 (5.7%) and 122 (26.9%), and scan time in 31 (6.8%) and 56 (12.3%), respectively. Conclusion: Training in CM use and management ADR should be implemented in the training of radiology residents. Critical relevance statement: We highlight the need for improvement in the education of young radiologists regarding contrast media; more attention from residency programs and scientific societies should be focused on training about contrast media use and the management of adverse drug reactions. Key points: • This survey investigated training of young radiologists about use of contrast media and management adverse reactions. • Most young radiologists claimed they did not receive dedicated training. • An extreme heterogeneity of responses was observed about contrast media indications/contraindications and injection strategy. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.

Modeling of hydrocarbon trap systems

Hydrocarbon traps for gasoline engines are promising candidates for cold start emission control, provided that their design is based on a "systems approach". In this paper, an existing CAE methodology for exhaust after-treatment is expanded to include HC trap technology. The flow, heat transfer and chemical kinetics in a typical complex system, comprising a "barrel type" adsorber and two conventional catalysts are studied. A mathematical model is developed and applied for the computation of the flow and pressure distribution, as well as transient heat transfer in the barrel type adsorber. A physically relevant model is used to simulate HC adsorption desorption on the adsorbing material. The model is used in combination with an existing 2-d 3-way catalyst model to simulate different HC trap concepts. The aim is to understand and quantify the particular thermal response and HC retention behavior of hydrocarbon adsorber systems. Illustrative results with variable geometric parameters under realistic input conditions are presented. Copyright © 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc

Experimental and modeling study on zeolite catalysts for diesel engines

The work presented in this paper was aimed at detecting, understanding and modeling some critical behavior aspects of zeolite-containing diesel catalysts. An already available mathematical model for precious metal catalysts was used as a starting point. A specially designed set of experiments provided the information needed to improve certain modeling features. New submodels were introduced to account for hydrocarbon and H2O adsorption, as well as diffusion limitations in the zeolite. The effect of flow maldistribution during real world operation was investigated experimentally and computationally. Although a number of issues (especially regarding the DeNOx mechanisms) are not yet fully resolved, significant progress was achieved as regards the understanding and computational prediction of diesel catalyst operation