Enhanced Immunogenicity, Mortality Protection, and Reduced Viral Brain Invasion by Alum Adjuvant with an H5N1 Split-Virion Vaccine in the Ferret

Pre-pandemic development of an inactivated, split-virion avian influenza vaccine is challenged by the lack of pre-existing immunity and the reduced immunogenicity of some H5 hemagglutinins compared to that of seasonal influenza vaccines. Identification of an acceptable effective adjuvant is needed to improve immunogenicity of a split-virion avian influenza vaccine.No serum antibodies were detected after vaccination with unadjuvanted vaccine, whereas alum-adjuvanted vaccination induced a robust antibody response. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimens of 30 µg, 7.5 µg and 1.9 µg (21-day intervals) was 64%, 43%, and 43%, respectively, yet survivors experienced weight loss, fever and thrombocytopenia. Survival after unadjuvanted dose regimen of 22.5 µg (28-day intervals) was 0%, suggesting important differences in intervals in this model. In contrast to unadjuvanted survivors, either dose of alum-adjuvanted vaccine resulted in 93% survival with minimal morbidity and without fever or weight loss. The rarity of brain inflammation in alum-adjuvanted survivors, compared to high levels in unadjuvanted vaccine survivors, suggested that improved protection associated with the alum adjuvant was due to markedly reduced early viral invasion of the ferret brain.Alum adjuvant significantly improves efficacy of an H5N1 split-virion vaccine in the ferret model as measured by immunogenicity, mortality, morbidity, and brain invasion

Carbohydrate Reserves of Six Mountain Range Plants as Related to Growth

The total available carbohydrate reserves of six native mountain range plants were studied through a growing cycle. The reserves showed somewhat similar trends as plants advanced in growth during their annual cycle. Minimum root reserves were reached during the early spring after producing approximately 15 percent of their annual growth. Maximum reserves were reached at or near flowering. The average level of root reserves at any one period varied widely among species, however.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Carbohydrate Reserve Content of Mountain Range Plants Following Defoliation and Regrowth

Following the establishment of a curve for carbohydrate reserve levels in the roots of six native range plants in relation to phenological development, the effect of heavy clipping at the time of carbohydrate low and carbohydrate high was studied. The carbohydrate reserves in all species except senecio were significantly affected by defoliation treatment. Results indicated that defoliation of grasses and forbs early in the season was more detrimental than defoliation late in the season, but defoliation of browse late in the season appeared to lower reserves more than early defoliation.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Response of Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. and Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb.) Rybd. to Season of Defoliation

Production, total nonstructural carbohydrates, and crown diameters were measured to evaluate the effects of season of clipping on black grama and mesa dropseed. Vegetative reproduction was also monitored for black grama. Early defoliation of both black grama and mesa dropseed had less impact on plant vigor than continuous defoliation or defoliation during the last half of the growing season. Black grama plants clipped during or after flowering, or continuously through the growing season, produced less herbage in the following year than those plants clipped during the vegetative stage. Removal of 65% of the current year's growth any time during the growing season significantly reduced stolon numbers on black grama. Mesa dropseed clipped during maturity, during flowering, or clipped continuously throughout the growing season was negatively affected on one or more of the plant parameters measured. Clipping during the vegetative state had little apparent effect on plant vigor.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Response of Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. to Season of Defoliation

Removing 65% of the leaf area of bush muhly in three consecutive years during the growing season reduced plant vigor regardless of season of clipping. Late or continuous season defoliation had the greatest impact on food reserves, production, crown diameter and number of stem internodes. Defoliation during the vegetative stage had the least effect of the clipping treatments.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Response of Fourwing Saltbush to Periods of Protection

Fourwing saltbush plants produced less leader growth after 4 years of continuous cattle browsing than after 3 years of continuous browsing followed by 1 year of protection. Plants in pastures used in a rotation grazing system produced as much leader growth as protected plants.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Relationship of Soils to Seasonal Deer Forage Quality

Blue wildrye, sheep sorrel, Oregon white oak, and arroyo willow were studied on Yorkville and Tyson soils in northern California to determine the effects of soil series and season on relative concentrations of protein, acid-insoluble lignin, and total sugars in the forage. Production of protein and sugars, but not lignin, was found to be related to soil series. Differences in levels of three chemical constituents varied among plant species with season on two soil series.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

The microhistological technique: testing two central assumptions in south-central New Mexico

Two central assumptions of the microhistological technique were tested for their accuracy. The estimation of particle density by relative frequency proved to be accurate for equal-sized plant fragments. Ratios of identifiable to nonidentifiable fragments were neither equal to one nor equal between grass and forb fragments.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Comparative Infiltration Rates and Sediment Production on Fertilized and Grazed Blue Grama Rangeland

This study determined the impacts of fertilization and livestock grazing on infiltration rates and sediment production. Infiltration rates and sediment production varied across years, depending on precipitation conditions, but were not different between fertilized and unfertilized rangeland within a year. Livestock production and stocking rates were 2 times greater on fertilized than on nonfertilized rangeland. Soil bulk density was only greater on the fertilized areas than the control at the end of the grazing period in 1982. Microtopography or roughness was not different between treatments. Increases in plant production mitigated any impacts from increased livestock numbers in fertilized areas.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202

Growth dynamics of fourwing saltbush as affected by different grazing management systems

Individual leaders of fourwing saltbush were permanently marked and their growth responses monitored during a 3-year study in a shortduration grazing system, a 4-pasture rotation system, and in ungrazed exclosures. Primary and secondary leader growth and numbers of secondaries were responses of interest. Plants continuously browsed by cattle were usually maintained in a hedged form and produced relatively little growth. There was little difference in growth responses between plants in the 4-pasture rotation and the shortduration system when the shortduration rotation cycle was 32 days. However, when the rotation cycle was increased to 64 days, there was a substantial increase of growth for plants in the shortduration system. Plants protected from browsing for 1 year also responded with progressively less leader production as length of protection time increased. We suggest fourwing saltbush plants respond to a 60-day deferment at the beginning of the growing season.This material was digitized as part of a cooperative project between the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries.The Journal of Range Management archives are made available by the Society for Range Management and the University of Arizona Libraries. Contact [email protected] for further information.Migrated from OJS platform August 202