MOBILIZATION OF VEGETABLE AND CUCURBIT CROP GENETIC RESOURCES IN THE 21^st CENTURY

The worldwide collection of vegetable and cucurbit crops kept in VIR includes 50,019 accessions of various status -representatives of 27 families, 145 genera, 475 species received since 1923 from 95 countries of the world. Biodiversity of cultivated species and their wild relatives, especially from their centres of origin and diversity, is adequately represented in the collection. Currently, the completion of the collection is conducted in the following areas: collection of wild species and local forms with a high level of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and with valuable biochemical composition; replenishment of the collection with accessions missing in the evolutionary series of vegetable crops from their ancestral forms to modern varieties and lines, including those needed for the analysis of domestication processes; introduction of crops and types of varieties novel for Russia; mobilization of the world’s best achievements in modern breeding, first of all in the newest breeding trends; mobilization of new genetic material -mutant lines, double haploid lines, and mapping populations

Shaping Photon Beams with Undulators and Wigglers

Periodic magnetic structures, i.e., undulators and wigglers, have been used for nearly 40 years as sources of brilliant synchrotron radiation. Today, sophisticated undulator designs provide many degrees of freedom such as photon beam energy, variable polarization, and orbital angular momentum. Specific designs efficiently suppress higher orders or reduce the on axis power density. All tuning parameters are required to be freely accessible by the users. Still, the majority of undulators are based on permanent magnets with a clear trend to short period in vacuum and cryogenically cooled systems. The development of superconducting undulators is rapidly progressing, and high quality devices are operated at two multiuser facilities. Similar designs are used for storage rings and free electron lasers, though, the field quality requirements are different. Today, the optimization of a specific experiment follows a global approach. This includes not only the undulator design itself but also local lattice modifications to cope with ambitious designs, elaborate tracking schemes to estimate the impact on the dynamic aperture, and last but not least radiation propagation tools which transport a realistic photon beam phase space to the sample. This chapter summarizes the theory of undulator radiation and reviews the technological realization of undulators and wigglers. Operational issues are discussed, as wel