Trends in the Development of Socialist Society's Economic Mechanism

The economic literature variously interprets the economic mechanism as a mechanism underlying the functioning of the economy proper and as a management mechanism, i.e., as conscious organized action in that process. Both meanings of the term are evidently legitimate. The present article uses the latter as the meaning adopted in official materials and the meaning most commonly used in the press.

On the Organizational Structure of Industrial Management

Organizational structure is a basic element of the management mechanism and reflects the general logic of its structure. It determines the division of various functions between various links in the system of management, their place, their authority, and their responsibility and thereby establishes the organizational conditions for implementing the management techniques of the given system. Thus the general scheme of management and its organizational structure are closely connected and are shaped by one another. It is clearly possible to identify two ways to improve the organizational structure of management: (1) the increasing alignment of this structure with the existing general scheme of management, and (2) restructuring occasioned by the development and modification of this scheme.

Economic Regulation and Incomes Policy

An effective economy is an effectively managed economy. Any improvement in the management mechanism accelerates, while shortcomings in it impede economic growth. For this reason the Communist Party attaches exceptionally great importance to questions relating to the continuous improvement of economic management. As noted at the Twenty-fifth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the frame work of the existing economic mechanism has become too confining for a continuously developing national economy. The congress called for the acceleration of reorganization and indicated its main directions: the improvement of planning, the more able use of economic stimuli and levers, and the improvement of the organizational structure and methods of management. (>u>1>/u>)

The Economics of Shortage

>i>Today we continue the familiarization of our readers with the works of the renowned Hungarian economist Janos Kornai. A chapter from his book>/i> Contradictions and Dilemmas, >i>which he called "The Health of Nations, " was published in>/i> EKO, >i>1987, no. 9. R, G. Karagedov 's article is of particular interest because the monograph>/i> The Economics of Shortage >i>(1980) has not been translated into Russian.>/i>

Chemistry for Sustainable Development 14 (2006) 345353 Nature of a Mechanically Stimulated Phase Change in Zirconia

Abstract Reasons for phase change in zirconia upon its intensive mechanical treatment in mills have been discussed. It has been demonstrated that when used steel balls and barrels, oxidation of wear products and their mechanochemical interaction with ZrO 2 occurs along with a decrease in the size of particles and crystallites. It has been found that implantation of cations of an extrinsic metal in the crystal lattice is favourable to the stabilization of a more symmetric modification and to an increase in the critical size of crystallites, above which the monoclinic modification becomes stable. A conclusion has been made that an increase in the contribution of superficial energy to the Gibbs energy plays domin ating part in the phase change on initial stages of mechanical treatment, while the thermodyn amic stability in the further process is controlled preferentially by a stabilising impact of impurity cations. Under conditions that prevent from pollution of ZrO 2 by metal, a dyn amic equilibrium is established between the forward change to tetragon al modification and the reverse, to monoclinic

Development, characterization, sintering, dielectric and optical properties of NdBa2ZrO5·5 nanocrystals

Nanocrystalline NdBa2ZrO5 ·5 has been successfully synthesized through a single step auto-ignition combustion route for the first time. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the combustion product is phase pure and has an ordered cubic perovskite structure. The phase transitions and thermal stability of the nanopowder were investigated by differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses. Transmission electron microscopy results indicated that the particle sizes are 20–30 nm. Selected area electron diffraction pattern has shown that as-prepared powder is polycrystalline in nature. The optical absorption spectra analysis confirmed that the material falls to the semiconducting range with a bandgap of ~3 ·69 eV and therefore, could be used as transparent wide bandgap semiconductor. The relative density of the sintered sample is ~96% at 1510 °C for 2 h. The surface morphology of the sintered pellet has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and the average grain size observed is ~0·7 μm. Dielectric constant (ε r) of NdBa2ZrO5·5 at 5 MHz is 29·6 and loss factor (tan δ) is 4 ×10 − 2 at room temperature