Сгонно-нагонные колебания уровня воды в Новом Порту (Обская губа)

The processing of 6-hourly intervals level measurements at the New Port polar station was previously difficult due to poor data quality and the lack of methodology for assessing them and bringing observations into uniform rows. Therefore, since the second half of the 20th century, no research of wind-induced water has been carried out. In 2015, for the first time, the authors formed a base of residual levels (observations minus forecasting) for 1977–2012 on 6-hourly intervals observations of water level at the New Port station using the method of tide calibration. In the present work, a period of observations with relatively reliable data for 1977–1991 was selected for the research of the storm surges in the water level fluctuations. Surges are considered in comparison with the 5 % probability, and ranges with 95 % probability. The annual distribution of the number of surges and ranges showed an average of 12.4 surges and 11.2 ranges per year. The maximum number of surges and ranges was observed in 1981 and was 21 surges and 27 ranges. In the time course of fluctuations of residual levels during the above period, the maximum with the value of 634 cm was noted in 1987 and occurred during the autumn period (ice composition). The length of the surges varied between 0.25 days and 13.5 days. Most of the surges occurred in the period June-October (78.8 %) with the largest number in September (22,8 %). In the period January-May the number of surges decreases to 7.6 % and is zero in April. The lowest ranges residual level was observed in 1986 (343 cm above zero fasting). The total fluctuation of the residual level in New Port during the period of 6-hourly intervals level observations in 1977–1991 was 291 cm. This is 23 cm more than was recorded at the Cape Kamenny station. The length of the ranges varied from 1 day to 8 days. The majority of the intra-annual distribution of the number of ranges over a multi-year period was observed in July–October (83.7 %) with the maximum number in September (28.1 %). A small number of ranges were observed in January and March, and their total absence in April and May. The duration of surges and ranges is inversely dependent on their growth rate. Thus, the highest growth rate of the residual level at the deposit of 5.1 cm/hour corresponds to the duration of the deposit of 0.25 days. The greatest duration of growth of the surge level (9.25 days) corresponds to a speed of 0.14 cm/h. The drop in the level during the range occurred at the highest speed of 11.6 cm/h, the rise from the minimum residual level – at the speed of 6.97 cm/h. Corresponding to these rates, the duration of the decline and rise of the range level was 0.15 cm/h. The highest rise time of the residual range level was 5.25 days at an intensity of 0.44 cm/h.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Целью исследования было рассмотрение характеристик сгонно-нагонных колебаний уровня воды в бухте Новый Порт (Обская губа), полученных по новой для данного объекта методологии. Выполнен анализ качества срочных наблюдений за уровнем воды. Сформированы однородные ряды уровней с учетом необходимых поправок, выявленных в результате анализа высотной основы поста и применения способа контроля и калибровки многолетних срочных наблюдений за уровнем. На основе использования новых средних оценок гармонических постоянных прилива получены массивы остаточных уровней. По рядам остаточных уровней выполнен анализ величины и продолжительности сгонов и нагонов. При этом сгоны рассматривались относительно остаточного уровня 95-процентной обеспеченности, нагоны — относительно 5-процентной обеспеченности. Изложены результаты оценок сгонно-нагонных колебаний уровня воды, приведены статистические характеристики.Авторы статьи подтверждают отсутствие конфликта интересов.

Приливные и непериодические колебания уровня воды в средней части Обской губы

New estimates are suggested of harmonic constants of the tide for the summer (August) and winter (April) periods at the Sabetta, Utrenny posts, at the Tadibeyakha and Seyakha posts, as well as at the points of Cape Kharse, Cape Yaptik-Sale, Cape Kotelnikova and Cape Hampul-Yakha. The harmonic analysis of the tide was carried out using the least squares method according to the AARI version. According to AARI expedition observations in Sabetta for the period 2012–2016, and in Salman for the period 2016–2019, average vector estimates for each month of the year have been obtained. The observations were made using the ADCP device installed at autonomous buoy stations. Hourly level observations at the Seyakha and Tadibeyakha posts for the entire observation period from 1968 to 1992 were brought to a homogeneous form using the calibration method. The historical observations of the level at the points of Cape Kharse, Cape Yaptik-Sale, Cape Kotelnikova and Cape Khampul-Yakha, carried out in different years, are of scientific interest. Since the results of their processing and analysis in the original sources contained errors and did not include shallow water constituents, our analysis results are presented. Our tests show a significant contribution of shallow water constituents in the Ob’ Bay to the description of the tide curve and the calculation of the heights and times of high and low waters. Inter-annual and intra-annual estimation is given of the dispersions of the total and tidal level fluctuations in Seyakha and Tadibeyakha for the entire observation period. Comparison of the average seasonal course of the tide in the annual cycle based on the results of tide analysis in Seyakha and Tadibeyakha (XX century) and Sabetta and Utrenny (XXI century) shows significant differences. The study of surges of level is based on uniform series, as well as residual ones (observations minus predictions). Предложены новые оценки гармонических постоянных прилива на летний (август) и зимний (апрель) периоды на постах Сабетта, Утренний, на постах Тадибеяха и Сеяха, а также в пунктах м. Харсе, м. Яптик-Сале, м. Котельникова и м. Хампуль-Яха. Исследование непериодических колебаний уровня на постах Тадибеяха и Сеяха основано на однородных рядах, а также остаточных (наблюдения минус предвычисления).

END TO END LEARNING FOR A DRIVING SIMULATOR

Convolutional network approach is utilized for training an end-to-end model that would let a car drive itself around the track in a driving simulator by predicting steering angles based on the simulated camera data

Приливные и сгонно-нагонные колебания уровня у мыса Ям-Сале (Обская губа)

Average estimates of the harmonic constants of tides are given over the summer period (July–September) at Cape Yam-Sale (Obskaya Guba), obtained using least-squares method version of the AARI over the period from 1937 to 1960. According to the residual series (observation minus prediction) are produced a study of the wind-surges of sea level fl uctuations in some years during the summer period 1937–1960. Verify the predictive equations V.G. Kort and N.A. Labzovskiy is considered to calculate the storm surges.Приведены средние оценки гармонических постоянных приливов за летний период (июль–сентябрь) у мыса Ям-Сале (Обская губа), полученные с помощью МНК за период с 1937 по 1960 г. По остаточным рядам (наблюдения минус предвычисления) произведено исследование сгонно-нагонных колебаний уровня моря в отдельные годы за летний период 1937–1960 гг. Выполнена проверка прогностических уравнений В.Г. Корта и Н.А. Лабзовского для расчета сгонно-нагонных колебаний

КОНТРОЛЬ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ МИКРОКОНТРОЛЛЕРОВ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАТИЧЕСКОГО РАЗРЯДА

Since the built-in flash-memory microcontroller is an installed program code, we performed an analysis of its resistance to ESD. It was found that the code is damage when exposed to ESD voltage of less critical by 3.06%. This can lead to incorrect triggering and implementing programmed functions. It was determined that changes in the code is not only due to effective protection from exposure to pulsed discharges of static electricity, as well as the number of impacts. Effects caused by exposure to ESD MC were identified by dividing the test on the IC functional blocks and proposed methods of functional control of the MC. Procedure was developed for determining conservation performance IC, based on applying the most efficient model with optimized parameters. It was proved that this method is more efficient and perfect in the consideration of functional units, and allows to define the scope of preserving the integrity of semiconductor structures when exposed to ESD.Экспериментально исследовано воздействие электростатических разрядов на микроконтроллеры типа AT89C51RC. Установлено, что ухудшение программного кода, инсталлированного во flash -память, наступает при значениях напряжения на 3,06% меньше, чем критическое. Предложена методика контроля функционирования микроконтроллеров при воздействии на них электростатических разрядов с помощью тестовых программ

Особенности проектирования медицинских электронных устройств

The design features of medical electronic devices are considered. It is shown that the development of medical electronics is not an easy task and the designer must be prepared to face problems and regulations that are more strict than for household appliances, due to the fact that the failure of these devices to work properly can lead to tragic consequences, up to death. A number of difficulties that arise in the process of designing medical equipment is shown, which is presented in the form of a hierarchy of decisions. The main standards for designing devices of such type are given, among which there are IEC-60601-1-1 and IEC-60601-1-2 that deserve special attention, since compliance with their requirements is crucial for certification and release to the market of manufactured equipment. The use of a risk management matrix is proposed, which is used to provide quantitative indicators for each possible risk associated with a medical device in any mode of operation and possible malfunction.Рассмотрены особенности проектирования медицинских электронных устройств. Показано, что разработка современной медицинской электроники является комплексной задачей, включающей необходимость учета и строгого соблюдения специфических требований в области электромагнитной совместимости. Они гораздо жестче, чем при проектировании бытовой техники, поскольку сбои в работе медицинских приборов могут привести к трагическим последствиям, вплоть до гибели пациента. Обозначен ряд трудностей, возникающих при проектировании медицинского оборудования, представленных в виде иерархии принятия решений. Приведены основные стандарты проектирования медицинских электронных устройств, среди которых особое внимание следует обратить на IEC-60601-1-1 и IEC-60601-1-2, поскольку соблюдение требований данных нормативных документов имеет решающее значение для сертификации и выпуска на рынок произведенного оборудования. Даны рекомендации по применению матрицы управления рисками, используемой для предоставления количественных показателей для каждого возможного риска, связанного с медицинским устройством, в любом режиме работы и при любой возможной неисправности

Приливные и сгонно-нагонные колебания уровня воды в районе м. Каменный (Обская губа)

Sea level observations obtained in various expeditions since 1936, as well as those made at the polar station on Cape Kamenny (the Ob Bay) from 1952 to 1994 were subjected to treatment and harmonic analysis using the least squares method (AARI version).The aim of the work was to assess the quality of hourly and 6-hourly intervals series of sea level data and to bring these data to uniform rows for the subsequent study of tidal and surge waves. As a result of this analysis, 6-hourly interval observations of 1952–1961 were considered of low quality and not suitable for further consideration in the work. Bringing 6-hourly interval observations for 1977–1994 to uniform rows was carried out first with the control of the height basis and binding to the Baltic system of heights, and then with the help of the tide calibration method the final cast was made. In the area of tidal fluctuations of the level, erroneous information about the tide, obtained during the treatment of observations for 1936, which were placed in the tide tables for 1941, was revealed. New average estimates of harmonic constants for the summer period were proposed. The study of surges of level is based on uniform series, as well as residual ones (observations minus predictions). At the same time, the tide calculation (prediction) was made according to the program developed at AARI for the average monthly values of harmonic constants (12 sets of tides lists in the annual cycle) with the inclusion of long-period tides. Statistical quantitative characteristics of non-periodic level fluctuations were obtained for the total and residual series of observations. They are calculated on a unique hourly series for the years 1947–1948. And 6-hourly interval data for 1977–1994. For the estimation of surges, the level above 5 % of estimation was used, and the drifts were distinguished by the level below 95 % of estimation. Relationships are obtained between the duration and rate of growth of the level during surges, as well as the decline and rise of the level during drifts.Произведена ревизия всех исторических материалов ежечасных и срочных наблюдений за уровнем моря у м. Каменный. Получены средние (векторные) оценки гармонических постоянных приливов для 12 месяцев годового цикла. Данные срочных наблюдений за 1977–1994 гг. приведены к однородным рядам с помощью способа калибровки приливов. Рассмотрены непериодические колебания уровня по ежечасным наблюдениям 1947–1948 гг. и срочным наблюдениям 1977–1994 гг. По значениям остаточных уровней (наблюдения минус предвычисления) даны статистические характеристики сгонно-нагонных колебаний в районе м. Каменный

Modeling of thermal fields of electronic systems on ANSYS

Показана необходимость оценки теплового режима электронной системы на ранних стадиях проектирования. Для этих целей рекомендуется моделирование тепловых процессов, протекающих в ЭС. Показано, что наиболее часто тепловое моделирование выполняется методами изотермических поверхностей, однородного анизотропного тела и экспериментальными методами. Рассмотрено моделирование тепловых процессов модели устройства в среде ANSYS. The necessity of evaluating the thermal regime of an electronic system at the early stages of design is shown. For these purposes, it is recommended to model the thermal processes occurring in the ES. It is shown that most often thermal modeling is performed by methods of isothermal surfaces, a homogeneous anisotropic body, and experimental methods. Modeling of thermal processes of the device model in the ANSYS environment is considered

Transumbilical laparo-endoscopic single site surgery for adrenal cortical adenoma inducing primary aldosteronism: initial experience

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We have started using laparo-endoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) in urologic surgery, although its use has not gained momentum due to its level of difficulty. We here report our initial experience with transumbilical LESS for adrenal cortical adenoma by using a single port with a multichannel cannula (SILS port) and bent laparoscopic instrumentation.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>A multichannel port (SILS port), bent laparoscopic instrument (Roticulator Endo Mini-Shears) and Opti4 laparoscopic electrodes were used in all cases. The intraperitoneal space was approached through the umbilicus. The SILS port was placed through a 2 cm incision at the inner edge of the umbilicus. A 5 mm flexible laparoscope was introduced to keep the laparoscope outside, and surgical specimens were extracted using an Endocatch bag. In addition, as a case control study, we compared perioperative data of LESS adrenalectomy (LESS-A) with that of conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA). We performed transumbilical LESS-A for adrenal cortical adenoma in 12 cases, beginning in December, 2009. All procedures were successfully completed, with only one incision through the umbilicus, and without conversion to a standard laparoscopic approach. Mean operative time for LESS-A was 121.2 ± 7.8 min, which was slightly longer than LA (110.2 ± 7.3 min). For right adrenal tumors, we used a miniport (2 mm port) in addition to a SILS port, and were able to successfully perform adrenalectomy "with no visible scaring". Tumor laterality and patient BMI did not affect surgical morbidity in these procedures. Moreover, there was no significant difference between LESS-A and LA in blood loss, analgesic requirement, hospital stay, and scar satisfaction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The transumbilical approach in LESS for adrenalectomy is safe and feasible and also improves cosmetic outcome compared with standard laparoscopic procedures. Improvements in surgical devices may aid the further development of this approach.</p

Влияние ориентации каналов в кулерах воздушного охлаждения на эффективность отведения тепла от процессоров

The results of the study of air-cooled coolers with natural and forced heat removal from such powerful semiconductor devices as processors are presented. Experiments were performed in the SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation software environment to assess the influence of the orientation of the formed thermal channels on the efficiency of heat removal from the surface of a heat-loaded element. Three-dimensional models of tower heatsinks with an installed fan and a supporting structure in the form of heat pipes penetrating fins that form horizontal (model No 1) or vertical (model No 2) air channels have been developed, which made it possible to determine the efficiency of heat removal from the processor during natural and forced convection. The developed model No 1 was rotated by 90°, which may be due to design requirements in the development of technical means. This led to a change in the movement of warm air during natural and forced convection along the vertically directed channels with an analysis of the effectiveness of passive and active cooling. The number of heat pipes has been changed from six to two for previously developed types of radiators (models No 1 and 2), only with active cooling. This made it possible to experimentally establish the influence of design solutions (the number and orientation of heat pipes) in the production of modern air-cooled coolers on the efficiency of heat removal.Приведены результаты исследования кулеров воздушного охлаждения при естественном и принудительном отведении тепла от таких мощных полупроводниковых приборов, как процессоры. В программной среде SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation выполнены эксперименты по оценке влияния ориентации сформированных тепловых каналов на эффективность отведения тепла от поверхности теплонагруженного элемента. Разработаны трехмерные модели башенных радиаторов с установленным вентилятором и несущей конструкцией в виде тепловых трубок, пронизывающих ребра, которые формируют горизонтальные (модель № 1) или вертикальные (модель № 2) воздушные каналы, позволившие определить эффективность отвода тепла от процессора при естественной и вынужденной конвекции. Разработанная модель № 1 была повернута на 90°, что может быть обусловлено конструкторскими требованиями при разработке технических средств. Это привело к изменению движения теплого воздуха при естественной и вынужденной конвекции по направленным вертикально каналам с анализом эффективности пассивного и активного охлаждения. Сократили количество тепловых трубок с шести до двух для ранее разработанных типов радиаторов (модели № 1 и 2), только при активном охлаждении, что позволило экспериментально установить влияние конструктивных решений (количества и ориентации тепловых трубок) на эффективность теплоотвода