Treatment of subtrochanteric fracture femur by open reduction and internal fixation by long proximal femoral nailing

Background: Subtrochanteric fractures are devasting injuries that most commonly affect the elderly population and also in young.Methods: This is a prospective study of 20 cases of subtrochanteric fracture admitted to KIMS, Huballi between November 2008 to August 2010 treated with left proximal femoral nail (LPFN) by open method. Cases were taken according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, i.e., fresh subtrochanteric fracture in adults. Pathologic fractures, multiple fractures, fractures in children, old neglected fractures were excluded from the study. Objectives of this study were to study subtrochanteric fractures and to determine effectiveness of LPFN in tretment of subtrochanteric fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).Results: In our study of 20 cases, there were 16 male and 4 female patients with age ranging from 17 years to 75 years with most patients in between 21-40 years. 65% of the cases admitted were road traffic accidents, 25% due to fall from height and 10% due to trivial fall with right side being more common side affected. Russell and Taylor type IA fracture accounted for 40% of cases. Mean duration of hospital stay was 24 days and mean time of full weight bearing was 14 weeks in our patients. Good to excellent results were seen in 85% of cases in our study.Conclusions: Subtrochanteric fractures of femur can be successfully treated by ORIF by LPFN resulting in proper anatomical reduction and hence alignment and high rate of bone union

MULTI-STEP EULERIAN METHOD FOR MULTICOMPONENT TRANSPORT IN WATER NETWORKS

The contamination within the distribution system can be protected through the maintenance of specified residual chlorine. The organic matter and bacterial content present in the water govern the concentration of residual chlorine levels. Interactive behavior of these substances can be represented through well-defined processes represented through set of differential equations and are solved using multi-step Eulerian computational scheme. The application of the model is illustrated for a real life distribution network. The chlorine concentrations are found to be dependent on the substrate content, and wall reaction parameter. For the network studied, it is observed that more the substrate higher is the biomass growth resulting in lower chlorine concentrations. The model presented in this paper is of immense help to the c water supply authorities