526 research outputs found

    A study of the pulmonary complications of preterm infants after prenatal corticosteroids prophylaxis in a major Bulgarian hospital

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    Abstract: An increasingly common problem in obstetrics and neonatology is premature birth. This problem is the cause of many health complications in premature neonates and is leading to neonatal mortality. These complications affect the whole body of premature babies, the respiratory system has the largest percentage due to lack of the period for intrauterine maturation of the lung. A retrospective study was carried out at the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital St. Georgi, Plovdiv, Bulgaria for the period 2015-2016. 167 preterm infants have been studied. They were divided into two main groups: a working group of 89 preterm infants with prenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis and a control group of 78 preterm infants without prenatal prophylaxis. Data on clinical outcomes, health status, background complications of prenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis have been analyzed. The summary, however, of the results that is: the 3.6% difference has been found between newborn children with RDS and those with all other disabilities; this shows that in preterm infants the priority is to damage the respiratory system. Over 60% of the prematurity develop respiratory distress syndrome. The presence of respiratory complications is dew to the earlier gestational week of birth and the older age of the mother and is somewhat limited by the prenatal administration of corticosteroids.peer-reviewe

    Circularly Polarized Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antenna with Resonant Slots and a Screen

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    A broadband circularly polarized (CP) Aperture Coupled Microstrip Antenna (ACMSA) is described herein. In order to decrease the back radiation of the antenna due to resonant coupling slots (a cross-slot) in the ground plane, a three-layer structure with a screen is proposed. As a result, the back radiation of the antenna is reduced by more than 12 dB and its gain is increased by about 1.3 dB compared to the conventional two-layer ACMSA with nonresonant coupling slots. The antenna is designed to operate within the Ku-band. Keeping its simple and compact construction and high mechanical characteristics it can be used as an element of CP microstrip antenna arrays with various applications in the contemporary communication systems. A comparison with two similar CP antennas with resonant slots, a two-layer ACMSA and a three-layer ACMSA with a patch reflector is accomplished

    PANDEMIC CRISIS AND CURRENCY BOARD IN BULGARIA

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    The pandemic crisis, started as a health crisis and transformed to the economic crisis, had its negative effects not only on the real economy, but also on the financial sector all over the world. The origin of the crisis is different compared to the global financial crisis, but it affected on the behavior of the financial market participants and financial system functioning.ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚Π° пСрспСктиви Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ фінансової систСми Π² сучасних ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ… : Π·Π±Ρ–Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π»Ρ–Π² Π†Π†Π† ΠœΡ–ΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ— Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ–Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚-ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— (ΠΌ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»Ρ‚Π°Π²Π°, 15–16 квітня 2021 Ρ€ΠΎΠΊΡƒ). – ΠŸΠΎΠ»Ρ‚Π°Π²Π° : ΠŸΠ£Π•Π’, 2021. – 301 с. – 1 Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½. ΠΎΠΏΡ‚. диск (DVD-ROM). – ВСкст ΡƒΠΊΡ€., рос., Π°Π½Π³Π». ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ

    Exotropia associated with syndromes

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    Π’ΡŠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Екзотропията Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ кривоглСдство, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ оси са насочСни навън. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Ρ‰Π° сС ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-рядко ΠΎΡ‚ Ссотропията. ΠšΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ ΠΎΡ‰Π΅ Π² Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π° дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚, Π΅ наслСдствСна. Най-чСсто срСщана Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π° Скзотропия с СксцСс Π½Π° дивСргСнция ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ Π½Π° конвСргСнцията, която ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° компСнсира ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ дСкомпСнсира с Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ. Екзотропия ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС наблюдава ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ някои синдроми. Π¦Π΅Π»: Π”Π° сС дСмонстрират Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ синдромни заболявания, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ проявитС Π΅ Скзотропия. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈ са Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ синдромни случая Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π° с Скзотропия ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Използвани са ΠΎΡ„Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ: ΠŸΡŠΡ€Π²ΠΈΡΡ‚ случай Π΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ доказаният синдром Π½Π° АнгСлман. Вторият описан случай прСдставлява Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½Π° болСст 46,XX,add(17q25), ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ изявСн ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ синдром Π½Π° Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ‚-Π›Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ-ΠžΠΏΠΈΡ‚Ρ†. Π’ трСтия случай сС касаС Π·Π° всС ΠΎΡ‰Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Π΅Π½ синдром Π½Π° Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎ засяганС Π½Π° ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Извод: ΠšΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ Скзотропията Π΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Π² Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π° дСтска Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ ΠΈ няма Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ кривоглСдство ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, вСроятно сС касаС Π·Π° ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΈΠ·ΡŠΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈ синдромни заболявания, изискващ интСрдисциплинарСн ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄.Introduction: Exotropia is strabismus with a deviation of visual axes outwards. It is considerably less frequent than esotropia. When present early in life, it is usually hereditary. Most common form is the intermittent exotropia with excess of divergence or insuf? ciency of convergence, which could either compensate with time or turn into a manifest strabismus. Exotropia is present in some syndromes as well. Aim: To demonstrate rare syndromes in which one of the symptom is exotropia. Material and methods: Three cases with exotropia present at birth are presented. Ophthalmologic and orthoptic methods of examination are used. Results: One of the cases is a genetically proven syndrome of Angelmann, second case is a chromosomal disease 46,XX,add(17q25), clinically manifested as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and the third case is syndrome with congenital abnormalities of extremities. Conclusion: When exotropia is present very early in life and there is not a family history for exotropia, most probably it is a part of a syndrome and interdisciplinary approach is required

    Evaluation of peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in anisometropic amblyopic children with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

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    Π’ΡŠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π’ΡŠΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² анатомията ΠΈ функцията Π½Π° Π·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈ Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ тяло са Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅ описани ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ амблиопия, Ρ‚ΠΎ ролята Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ всС ΠΎΡ‰Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π° сС, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π³Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, нСврофибрилСрният слой (RNFL) ΠΈ зритСлният Π½Π΅Ρ€Π² ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΎ Ρ‚ΡŠΡ€ΠΏΡΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ процСс.Π¦Π΅Π»: Π”Π° сС Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° пСрипапиларния ΠΈ макулнияRNFL (pRNFL, mRNFL) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π° с Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° слоя Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ сС сравни с ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π°ΠΌΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· спСктрал-Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ…Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π° томография (SD-OCT).ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: Анализират сС ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΎ 9 RNFL ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ сС ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ измСрванията с Topcon 3D ОБВ 2000+, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Circle ΠΈ Glaucoma Analysis-Macula ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΎ 90 Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π° (180 ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ) Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ 4 Π΄ΠΎ 18 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ (срСдно 8.55Β±2.65) Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄Π²Π΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ - ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° (56 Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°) ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия (34 Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°) с Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ…ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия - 23 ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия - 11. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ са ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° статистичСска ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ: Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° pRNFL ΠΈ mRNFL Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° сС изчисли ΡΡŠΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ 111.72Β±6.72 ΞΌm ΠΈ 37.18Β±3.88 ΞΌm, Π² ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ…ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия- 119.96Β±11.39 ΞΌm ΠΈ 35.09Β±4.22 ΞΌm, a ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ с Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия- 102.18Β±9.64 ΞΌm ΠΈ 36.73Β±4.05 ΞΌm. Π”Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° pRNFL Π² ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ с Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ…ΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия Π΅ сигнификантно ΠΏΠΎ-голяма, a с Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия- сигнификантно ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ° Π² сравнСниС с Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° установСна Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ mRNFL Π½Π΅ сС установява Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ°Π²Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. И ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° RNFL ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ - ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π΅ΠΈ Π½Π΅ сС Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈ статистичСска Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π°ΠΌΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π°ΠΌΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π² Π΄Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ.Изводи: ΠΠ°ΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ измСнСния Π² pRNFL, сходни с Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ с Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° аномалия Π±Π΅Π· амблиопия. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΈ установСната ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° зависимост Π² Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ос ΠΈ pRNFL, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ достовСрно Π·Π° ΠΎΡ‚Π΄ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° промяна Π² pRNFL ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° аномалия. Наши ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ изслСдвания установяват, Ρ‡Π΅ mRNFL Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€Π° с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ос Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡ‚ pRNFL ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π» Π·Π° установяванС Π½Π° Π΅Π²Π΅ΡŽΡƒΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ сС Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия. На Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° стойноститС Π½Π° mRNFL Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ установявамС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ сС Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия. Π—Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ липсата Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ амблиопия Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡˆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° mRNFL ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ страбизмСна ΠΈ микрострабизмСна амблиопия.ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΡƒΠΌΠΈ: Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° амблиопия, Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ Π½Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠ»Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ слой, ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ…Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π° томография.AbstractIntroduction: Anatomical and functional changes in visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus are well established in amblyopia process, but the part of retina is still controversial. It is supposed that retinal ganglion cells, nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve are also involved.Purpose: To evaluate the peripapillary and macular RNFL thickness (pRNFL, mRNFL) in anisometropic amblyopic children with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The RNFL thickness was compared between the amblyopic, the nonamblyopic sound eye and control group of eyes.Material and methods: This was a prospective observational study of 90 children (180 eyes) aged 4-18 years (mean 8.55Β±2.65) divided into two groups - controls (56 children) and anisometropic amblyopic group (34 children) with two subgroups- anisohyperopic amblyopia- 23 and anisomyopic amblyopia- 11. A Total of 9 RNFL parameters were measured using Topcon 3D OCT 2000+, protocols Circle and Glaucoma AnalysisMacula. The obtained data was statistically analyzed.Results: Mean total values of pRNFL and mRNFL thickness were respectively 111.72Β±6.72 ΞΌm and 37.18Β±3.88 ΞΌm in control group of eyes, 119.96Β±11.39 ΞΌm and 35.09Β±4.22 ΞΌm in anisohyperopic amblyopic eyes, 102.18Β±9.64 ΞΌm and 36.73Β±4.05 ΞΌm in anisomyopic amblyopic eyes. In comparison with control group, statistically significant greater pRNFL thickness was found in anisohyperopic amblyopic eyes, and significantly smaller pRNFL thickness in anisomyopic amblyopic eyes. There was no significant difference in Mrnfl thickness among the three investigated groups. No significant difference in pRNFL and mRNFL thickness was observed between amblyopic and nonamblyopic sound eye in the two subgroups.Conclusion: Our pRNFL thickness results in anisometropic amblyopia show similar changes to that of refraction errors without amblyopia. The well studied relationship between pRNFL thickness and the axial length (AL) prevents the precise interpretation of pRNFL thickness results in amblyopia, because it is not possible to determine whether the pRNFL thickness changes are due to anisometropic amblyopia or refraction error alone. In our previous investigations we did not find a correlation between mRNFL and AL. Therefore mRNFL seems to be a more accurate and reliable parameter than pRNFL for exploring retinal changes due to anisometropic amblyopia. Based on mRNFL results, we did not observe structural retinal changes in anisometropic amblyopia. Further study of mRNFL in strabismic and microstrabismic amblyopia is needed to confirm the statement that no structural changes take place in the retina as a result of amblyopia

    Comparison between traditional bilateral and large unilateral medial rectus muscle recession for moderate esotropia

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    Π’ΡŠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ЧСсто ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ срСдностСпСнна Ссотропия (Π΄ΠΎ 25Ξ”) ΡΡŠΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ мускул Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· голяма Сдностранна (МRR) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° мускула Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° двустранна (Π’ΠœRR) рСцСсия Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π² мускул. Π¦Π΅Π»: Π”Π° сС сравни Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° Ξ”ΠΌΠΌ рСцСсия Π½Π° голяма МRR ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° BМRR ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ срСдностСпСнна Ссотропия, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ моторният Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ 6 мСсСца слСд опСрация. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: Π’ клиничния Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· са Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ 200 ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‰Π°/Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Ссатропия ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. На 170 (Π—40 ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ) Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π° симСтрични BMRR, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ само ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 16 (8%) двустраннитС рСцСсии са Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ (Π΄ΠΎ 5 ΠΌΠΌ). Π•Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡŠΡ‚ Π½Π° Π«ΠΌΠΌ рСцСсия ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ тях Π΅ сравнСн с Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° Π½Π° Π—0 случаи с голяма МRR. Използвани са диагностични, Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ статистичСски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ: НС сС установиха статистичСски Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π² Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° Ξ”ΠΌΠΌ рСцСсия, Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π² моторния Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ. Извод: Голямата МRR Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π° Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° BМRR Π·Π° постиганС Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ с ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ риск, особСно Π² случаи с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ‰Π° ΠΈ амблиопия.Introduction: In moderate esotropia there is a di1emma whether to operate on one muscle, performing a large unilateral recession (МRR) or on two muscles, performing traditional bilateral (Π’ΠœRR) recessions of medial rectus muscles. Aim: Π’ΠΎ compare the effect Ξ”/mm recession of a large МRR and traditional BМRR in moderate esotropia as well as the motor outcome 6 months after surgery. Material and methods: 200 patients with alternating/alternated esotropia were operated on for the period of 2000-2014. BМRR were performed in 170 patients (Π—40 eyes), the traditional (up to 5 mm) being in 16 (8%). Their effect Ξ”/mm recession was compared to the effect of large МRR which was performed in Π—Πž cases. Diagnostic, surgical and statistical methods were used. Results: No statistical difference was recorded between the two groups neither in the effect ?/mm recession, nor in the motor outcome 6 months after surgery. Conclusion: Large MRR is a good alternative of traditional BMRR for achieving an optimal effect with a minimal surgical risk, especially in cases with preexisting anisometropia and amblyopia

    Maximum motor fusion test in determining the target angle for surgical treatment of esotropia

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    Най-голямото прСдизвикатСлство Π·Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ссотропия Π΅ опрСдСлянС Π½Π° ъгъла Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° корСкция (таргСтния ъгъл). ΠžΡ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ са ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ- Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°, Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° корСкция Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° аномалия ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ъгъла Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Ρ‡ ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎ, с ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· корСкция. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π° ролята Π½Π° тСста Π½Π° максимална ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½Π° фузия (ВММЀ) Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° интСрвСнция ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-добрия ΠΊΡ€Π°Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ·Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ссотропията. ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: Π’ клиничния Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· са Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈ 200 ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‰Π°/Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Ссотропия ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ, Π½Π° 170 (Π—40 ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ) ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ сС ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠΈ двустранни симСтрични Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ мускули, a Π½Π° Π—0 - Сдностранна рСтропозиция Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° 2000-2014Π³. Използвани са диагностични, Ρ…ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ статистичСски ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ: ВММЀ Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 77.4% ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ тях сС ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ сигнификантно ΠΏΠΎ-Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ (Π·Π° Π—Π— см ΠΈ 5 ΠΌ), ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π² случаитС Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° интСрвСнция само Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‰ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°Π²ΡŠΡ€ тСст. Извод: ВММЀ Π½ΠΈ осигурява ΠΏΠΎ-голям ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° интСрвСнция, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ намалява ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ ъгъл, Π±Π΅Π· риск ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° хипСркорСкция.The greatest challenge for successfu1 treatment of esotropia is determining the target angle of deviation (the angle to bΠ΅ operated on). Lots of factors have influence on the surgical decision - age, refraction error, accommodation/convergence ratio (angle of deviation for distance, near, with and without glasses). Aim of this study is to analyze the role of maximum motor fusion test (ММFΠ’) in planning the amount of surgery for the best outcome of esotropia treatment. Materials and methods: 200 patients with alternating/altenated esotropia were operated for the period of 2000-2014. Bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions were performed in 170 patients (Π—40 eyes). Π—Πž patients underwent unilateral large recession of medial rectus muscle. Diagnostic, surgical and statistical methods were used. Results: MMFT was done in 77.4% patients. They had significantly better alignment for distant and near as compared to those, whose surgery was planned only according to alternating prism cover test. Conclusion: The MMFT is a reliable test to insure enhanced surgery with decrease of residual angle and without risk of surgical overcorrection

    Foveal hypoplasia and diagnostic role of optical coherence tomography

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    Π’ΡŠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠžΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ…Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π° томография (ОБВ) Π΅ изобразяваща Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° с Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π² диагностиката ΠΈ прослСдяванСто Π½Π° ΡΡŠΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π½Π° дСгСнСрация ΡΠ²ΡŠΡ€Π·Π°Π½Π° с Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Ρ‚Π°, болСст Π½Π° Π©Π°Ρ€Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄, ΠΏΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π½ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚, Π³Π»Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. Π’ послСднитС Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ нараства изслСдоватСлският интСрСс към ОБВ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° роля Π² диагностиката Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° хипоплазия, която ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° бъдС ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡŠΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ систСмни прояви. Π¦Π΅Π» Π”Π° сС прСдставят Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° диагностика Π½Π° хипоплазия Π½Π° фовСята ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π° Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· спСктрал Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½-ОБВ (SD-OCT). ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ случаи Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π° с хипоплазия Π½Π° фовСята установСна ΠΈ стадирана посрСдством SD-OCT (Topcon 3D ОБВ) - Macula Line 1 Raster. Π”ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ стСпСнта Π½Π° хипоплазия сС ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ…Π° слСд стриктно ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° линСйния Π’-скан ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π· фовСята. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠœΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ характСристики Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚ Скструзия Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ слоСвС Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ фовСята. НаличиСто Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈ слоСвС Π½ΠΈΠ΅ установихмС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π°Ρ‚Π° с хипоплазия, a Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡŠΡ‰ΠΎ ΠΈ липсата Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ-ΡƒΠ΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ външСн Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½ слой ΠΈ външни сСгмСнти Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π°. ИмСнно описанитС структурни измСнСния сС Π²Π·Π΅Ρ…Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ поставянС Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π° хипоплазия Π½Π° фовСята ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ стадиранС. Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π§Ρ€Π΅Π· Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ сС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Π²Π° ролята Π½Π° ОБВ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° област Π·Π° диагностика Π½Π° хипоплазия Π½Π° фовСята. ΠžΡ‰Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‡Π΅, Ρ‡Π΅ описанитС Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° Π±ΡŠΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ маскирани ΠΎΡ‚ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π·Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° острота ΠΈ Π΄Π° останат ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ нСдиагностицирани.Introduction Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique with proven diagnostic and follow-up value for diabetic macular edema, age related macular degeneration, Stargardt`s disease, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, etc. The research interest for OCT and its diagnostic role in foveal hypoplasia in recent years has been increased. Foveal hypoplasia could be isolated finding or as a part of other eye or systemic disorders. Purpose The aim of this article is to investigate whether OCT could be of use in diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia in children. Material and methods We present several examples of clinical cases with abnormal foveal morphology (different stages of foveal hypoplasia) among pediatric population. The macular abnormality was detected and graded with spectral domain-OCT (Topcon 3D OCT) - Macula Line / Raster programs, after strictly localized linear B-scan through the fovea. Results Morphological characteristics of the macula include extrusion of the plexiform layers from the central fovea. In patients with foveal hypoplasia we found absence of extrusion with shallow and absent foveal pit, absence of outer segment lengthening and also absence of outer nuclear layer widening. These were the structural changes, which were taken into account in diagnostic and grading process of foveal hypoplasia. Conclusion This report highlights the role of OCT in the macular area for diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia. Especially when described findings in patients could be stay clinically masked by normal visual acuity

    Chemical composition and biological protein value of milk of Tsigai sheep and their F2 cross-breeds of Chios

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    The composition of milk was studied from purebred Tsigai sheep and F2 cross-breeds with Chios breed from 4th to 6th month of lactation, raised on a mountain pasture. The chemical analysis samples were taken from each sheep in the period of April-June. The content of fat, protein and amino acids was determined in individual samples and total sample formed by the milk yield from all animals, proportional to the daily milk yield from each individual. There is a tendency for higher milk yield and content of total protein and casein in milk of F2 cross-breeds of Chios in comparison with Tsigai sheep. Milk sheep from F2 crossbreeds of Chios had higher content of Lysine, as well as glutamic acid, methionine and leucine, in comparison to that form Tsigai sheep, respectively: 0.458Β±0.011. 1.389Β±0.040. 0.084Β±0.005 and 0.572Β±0.013. The milk chemical index in both groups of sheep was comparatively low and it constituted respectively 38.3% in Tsigai sheep and 35.4% in F2 cross-breeds, as a result of low concentrations of methionine and cysteine in milk. Biological value of milk obtained from Tsigai breed sheep and F2 milk cross-breeds of Chios had close values - respectively 92.01 and 91.87%. Results showed that the sward composition and the vegetation stage had an influence over the essential amino acids content in purebred Tsigai sheep and their cross-breeds with Chios breed

    BaSIS-Net: From point estimate to predictive distribution in neural networks - a Bayesian sequential importance sampling framework

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    Data-driven Deep Learning (DL) models have revolutionized autonomous systems, but ensuring their safety and reliability necessitates the assessment of predictive confidence or uncertainty. Bayesian DL provides a principled approach to quantify uncertainty via probability density functions defined over model parameters. However, the exact solution is intractable for most DL models, and the approximation methods, often based on heuristics, suffer from scalability issues and stringent distribution assumptions and may lack theoretical guarantees. This work develops a Sequential Importance Sampling framework that approximates the posterior probability density function through weighted samples (or particles), which can be used to find the mean, variance, or higher-order moments of the posterior distribution. We demonstrate that propagating particles, which capture information about the higher-order moments, through the layers of the DL model results in increased robustness to natural and malicious noise (adversarial attacks). The variance computed from these particles effectively quantifies the model’s decision uncertainty, demonstrating well-calibrated and accurate predictive confidence
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