Enterprise reform in China : the evolving legal framework

Enterprise reform in China since 1979 has been supported by accelerated reform of China's legal framework. In the transition to a"socialist market economy", state enterprises will operate independently of the government, may no longer be fully owned or controlled by the state, and will deal with the state and other legal entities through market based transactions. The number of collective (township and village) enterprises has grown rapidly, and in recent years so has the number of private enterprises. This level of economic change requires a commensurate level of legal change. The author describes the legal framework needed for enterprise reform in the world's most populous country. First,it is essential to define the enterprise and its rights and obligations. To define and broaden the autonomy of enterprises, enterprise law and regulations must be reformed. For state and collective enterprises, a goal of legal reform is also to effect the separation of ownership and management. To create a legal environment in which all enterprises - including state enterprises -participate as independent actors, reform is also needed in the following areas. Bankruptcy and competition law, to promote fair effective competition among autonomous enterprises and to ensure the continued protection of the public interest even without direct state management of enterprises. Financial laws, including securities laws and regulations, so enterprise financing can take place in a market driven system rather than through a planning mechanism. Laws governing land use, mortgage financing, and pension and social security systems, to separate employee housing and pension and social security systems from enterprise obligation and henceforth to provide housing pensions, and social security through alternative means. Contract law, to protect the legal rights of enterprises and allow economic transactions between parties to replace administrative controls, and to ensure that the court system and dispute resolution processes function credibly and reliably, thereby making all other reforms enforceable. To make these reforms meaningful, property rights must also be better defined. China's civil code currently offers only a limited definition of the rights of ownership and of an enterprise's rights to sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of property. The author catalogs these pieces of the legal framework, suggesting where further reform is needed to support enterprise reform; focuses on the reform of state enterprises but also discusses the reform of nonstate enterprises; and touches only lightly on the role of foreign investment but does address the developing framework of patent, trademark, and copyright laws,National Governance,Legal Products,Private Participation in Infrastructure,Legal Institutions of the Market Economy,Judicial System Reform

A survey of Viet Nam's legal framework in transition

Viet Nam is trying to preserve its sociopolitical system while moving gradually toward a different economic system, recognizing that law is a valuable instrument for effecting orderly change. It has begun to enact the laws and decrees needed in such areas as company law, contract law, banking law, and, especially, laws on foreign investment. Further progress toward a market system will require more legislative activity. The author highlights four areas of special priority. Thoroughly implementing the new land law, by issuing detailed regulations to"marketize"the leasehold system, clarify land-use rights in liquidating state enterprises or making them corporations, and establish a firm basis for mortgage financing. Deepening state enterprise reform through a new legal framework for state enterprises, to be established under a revised company law, to permit state enterprises to operate under the same framework as nonstate enterprises. This should be accompanied by a new state management of its shares in enterprises. Revising the framework of company law and foreign investment law to implement and expand pilot corporatizations. Finalizing the civil code and commercial law to provide rules of the game for everyday business transaction and for resolution of the disputes that will inevitably result from them. Other areas less far-reaching in impact but important for market development include regulations to implement bankruptcy law, competition law, and securities law. In addition, the author notes the need to guard against separate legal regimes for state enterprises, nonstate enterprises, and foreign-investment enterprises, as this would interfere with efficient competition among enterprises with different ownership structures. It is also important to coordinate foreign legal traditions and preferences, especially in such areas as dispute resolution.National Governance,Legal Products,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Legal Institutions of the Market Economy

Non-local Coulomb interactions and metal-insulator transition in Ti2_2O3_3: a cluster LDA+DMFT approach

We present an ab initio quantum theory of the metal-insulator transition in Ti$_2$O$_3$. The recently developed cluster LDA+DMFT scheme is applied to describe the many-body features of this compound. The conventional single site DMFT cannot reproduce a low temperature insulating phase for any reasonable values of the Coulomb interaction. We show that the non-local Coulomb interactions and the strong chemical bonding within Ti-Ti pair is the origin of the small gap insulating ground state of Ti$_2$O$_3$

Label Placement in Road Maps

A road map can be interpreted as a graph embedded in the plane, in which each vertex corresponds to a road junction and each edge to a particular road section. We consider the cartographic problem to place non-overlapping road labels along the edges so that as many road sections as possible are identified by their name, i.e., covered by a label. We show that this is NP-hard in general, but the problem can be solved in polynomial time if the road map is an embedded tree.Comment: extended version of a CIAC 2015 pape

Development and validation of the crew-station system-integration research facility

The various issues associated with the use of integrated flight management systems in aircraft were discussed. To address these issues a fixed base integrated flight research (IFR) simulation of a helicopter was developed to support experiments that contribute to the understanding of design criteria for rotorcraft cockpits incorporating advanced integrated flight management systems. A validation experiment was conducted that demonstrates the main features of the facility and the capability to conduct crew/system integration research

Non-perturbative JpdJ_{pd} model and ferromagnetism in dilute magnets

We calculate magnetic couplings in the $J_{pd}$ model for dilute magnets, in order both to identify the relevant parameters which control ferromagnetism and also to bridge the gap between first principle calculations and model approaches. The magnetic exchange interactions are calculated non-perturbatively and disorder in the configuration of impurities is treated exacly, allowing us to test the validity of effective medium theories. Results differ qualitatively from those of weak coupling. In contrast to mean field theory, increasing $J_{pd}$ may not favor high Curie temperatures: $T_C$ scales primarily with the bandwidth. High temperature ferromagnetism at small dilutions is associated with resonant structure in the p-band. Comparison to diluted magnetic semiconductors indicate that Ga(Mn)As has such a resonant structure and thus this material is already close to optimality.Comment: 4 pages, 4 Figure

Electronic structure and spectral properties of Am, Cm and Bk: Charge density self-consistent LDA+HIA calculations in FP-LAPW basis

We provide a straightforward and numerically efficient procedure to perform local density approximation + Hubbard I (LDA+HIA) calculations, including self-consistency over the charge density, within the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. This implementation is all-electron, includes spin-orbit interaction, and makes no shape approximations for the charge density. The method is applied to calculate selected heavy actinides in the paramagnetic phase. The electronic structure and spectral properties of Am and Cm metals obtained are in agreement with previous dynamical mean-field theory (LDA+DMFT) calculations and with available experimental data. We point out that the charge density self-consistent LDA+HIA calculations predict the $f$ charge on Bk to exceed the atomic integer $f^8$ value by 0.22.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

Loros, gripe aviar y soja: los alcances de políticas globales sobre proyectos locales

En el presente trabajo se analiza la relación entre los proyectos locales de conservación y los procesos globales; y la necesidad de creación de políticas públicas que contemplen la conservación de la biodiversidad y el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones implicadas, a partir de la generación de un entramado de herramientas de gestión articuladas en las distintas escalas geopolíticas. Se utiliza como estudio de caso del Proyecto Elé, de colecta de pichones de loro hablador en la región chaqueña, efectuando un análisis multidisciplinario de la historia de uso del recurso y de los factores que lo afectaron, como así también las implicancias de las políticas públicas nacionales e internacionales sobre el mismo

Double Counting in LDA+DMFT - The Example of NiO

An intrinsic issue of the LDA+DMFT approach is the so called double counting of interaction terms. How to choose the double-counting potential in a manner that is both physically sound and consistent is unknown. We have conducted an extensive study of the charge transfer system NiO in the LDA+DMFT framework using quantum Monte Carlo and exact diagonalization as impurity solvers. By explicitly treating the double-counting correction as an adjustable parameter we systematically investigated the effects of different choices for the double counting on the spectral function. Different methods for fixing the double counting can drive the result from Mott insulating to almost metallic. We propose a reasonable scheme for the determination of double-counting corrections for insulating systems.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure