Traditional and Modern Forms of the Cossack Culture in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries. Revival, Transformation, and Cultural Construction

Introduction. The paper deals with studying the formation of culture elements during the Cossacks revival process in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The cultural pattern of a community is always changing. Cultural practices and traditions of the past get integrated into the modern social conditions, while new values and rituals assume the character of traditional ones. The topicality of the subject derives from the fact that the Cossack culture was subject to a dramatic transformation in the 20th century, while many elements of the culture were wiped out. The transmission of the cultural tradition was interrupted. The Cossacks revival in the late 20th century supposed a return to traditional historical forms. However, this task proved difficult because of the break in the transmission of the ethnic culture. The formation of the present-day Cossack cultural system supposed the selection of some elements of culture from the past and their integration into the new conditions as well as the creation of new forms of culture that would contribute to the cultural identification of the Cossacks. Methods and materials. Historiography has predominantly described the traditional forms of the Cossack culture. The issues of cultural construction were touched upon only occasionally. This paper applies the historical and chronological, historicalgenetic methods as well as the conception of socio-cultural construction. Analysis. During the Cossacks revival process its participants demonstrated a sharp increase of interest in the traditional forms of culture. The attempts at their integration into the present-day conditions led to the deformation of cultural forms. They lost their authenticity and transformed themselves into secondary forms of culture, thus cultural patterns of the modern Cossacks got changed. At the same time, new cultural traditions and norms were “invented”. Their function was to fix Cossacks identity and to show that the Cossacks do exist in the social life of the country. The adaptation of the traditions and historical elements of the Cossack socio-cultural system had its peculiarities. The traditions and elements were taken from different epochs and formed an arbitrary composition of different cultural phenomena. Traditions played an important role in the Cossacks revival process because they acted as cultural identification markers for the Cossack community. For that reason even new cultural practices were given the appearance of traditions. Results. In the late 20th – early 21st centuries the restoration of the Cossack culture was actually its construction. A number of trends can be traced in the process. They developed concurrently and contributed to the creation of new cultural milieu

Analog electro-optical interface for spectral analysis

An analog electro-optical interface has been studied, which uses the well known field effect of index modulation in thin homeotropic layers of nematic liquid crystal, achieved under a. c. electric field. Such a device is able to present in real-time 64 analog samples of an electric signal in a few milliseconds on a coherent optical set. By means of this interface, electric signals such as electro encephalograms, engine vibrations or SONAR signals can be spectrally analyzed in real-time by optical Fourier transform

Quelle est la nature des problèmes posés en visualisation par écrans plats matriciels à cristaux liquides ?

On définit les caractéristiques principales qui doivent faire l'objet d'améliorations dans les nouvelles générations d'écrans plats à cristaux liquides. On en déduit, suivant les diverses structures d'écrans, les sujets d'étude correspondants et le sens des efforts de R et D qui restent à accomplir

Analog electro-optical interface for spectral analysis

An analog electro-optical interface has been studied, which uses the well known field effect of index modulation in thin homeotropic layers of nematic liquid crystal, achieved under a. c. electric field. Such a device is able to present in real-time 64 analog samples of an electric signal in a few milliseconds on a coherent optical set. By means of this interface, electric signals such as electro encephalograms, engine vibrations or SONAR signals can be spectrally analyzed in real-time by optical Fourier transform.Un relais électro-optique analogique a été mis au point ; il met en oeuvre l'effet de champ bien connu qui induit une modulation d'indice dans une couche mince homéotrope de cristal liquide nématique soumise à un champ électrique alternatif. Un tel dispositif peut présenter en temps réel 64 échantillons analogiques d'un signal électrique sur un montage d'optique cohérente en quelques millisecondes. Avec ce relais, des signaux électriques comme les électroencéphalogrammes, les vibrations de moteurs ou les signaux SONAR peuvent subir une analyse spectrale en temps réel par transformée de Fourier optique

Quelle est la nature des problèmes posés en visualisation par écrans plats matriciels à cristaux liquides ?

Main characteristics which must be enhanced for new generations of liquid crystal flat panels are defined. The corresponding research topics are deduced, depending on the various panels structures, together with the direction of R and D efforts remaining to be pursued.On définit les caractéristiques principales qui doivent faire l'objet d'améliorations dans les nouvelles générations d'écrans plats à cristaux liquides. On en déduit, suivant les diverses structures d'écrans, les sujets d'étude correspondants et le sens des efforts de R et D qui restent à accomplir

NEW APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

Les cristaux liquides ont été étudiés tout d'abord essentiellement en raison de leurs applications potentielles dans le domaine de l'affichage. De nombreux phénomènes physiques peuvent être mis en œuvre pour cette application : la diffusion dynamique, l'effet de champ, la transition de phase, le changement de structure... On pensait en général que les limitations fondamentales étaient liées à la stabilité, la vitesse, la facilité d'adressage. Actuellement, la plupart de ces limitations ont été surmontées, et de nouveaux domaines d'applications apparaissent, qui sont nés soit de nouveaux effets physiques, soit d'une compréhension plus complète du comportement électro-optique. A titre d'exemple, un dispositif d'affichage en temps réel, adressé en x — y (128 × 128 points), est présenté : c'est une première étape vers l'écran plat de télévision. D'autres applications sont passées en revue dans le domaine du traitement optique du signal, de l'optique intégrée...Liquid crystals were, at first, studied mainly for their potential applications in the display field. Various physical phenomena can be used for such an application : dynamic scattering, field effect, phase change, structure change... The general feeling was that basic limitations were related mainly to stability, speed, ease of addressing. Most of these limitations are now overcome and new fields of applications appear, related either to new basic physical effects or increased understanding of electro-optical behaviour. As an example a real time x — y addressed display (128 × 128) is presented, an early stage to a flat TV screen. Other applications in the field of optical signal processing, integrated optics... are foreseen

A 128 × 128 electro-optical interface for real time data processing

Nematic liquid crystals can be electrically addressed when sandwiched in thin layers. We present in this paper a liquid crystal optical data composer which is X-Y addressed using the electro-optical effect of index modulation, a field effect, realised for an a. c. electric field on an homeotropic structure. It is a 128 x 128 dots display capable of presenting at the same time 1.6 x 104 digital optical data, with overall writing times of a few milliseconds.Les cristaux liquides nématiques peuvent être adressés électriquement lorsqu'ils sont montés en couches minces. Nous présentons dans cette communication un composeur de données optiques à cristaux liquides à adressage matriciel, mettant en œuvre l'effet électro-optique de modulation d'indice, ou effet de champ, obtenu dans une structure homéotrope soumise à un champ électrique alternatif. Il s'agit d'un dispositif d'affichage de 128 x 128 points capable de présenter simultanément 1,6 x 104 informations optiques digitales, l'ensemble étant inscrit en quelques millisecondes