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    ЀинансированиС МЀО ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… экологичСским ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ критСриям качСства

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    The main content of this article is to describe β€œclimate finance” and β€œgreen finance” in detail, as implemented by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and their pertinent environmental and social project quality criteria. The approach of this article is to perceive and understand environment-related activities of international financial institutions (IFIs) as part of a societal learning process, and consequently to describe their β€œenvironmental and social project quality criteria” as an expression of such ongoing societal learning processes. What can our readership, related to global finance, profit from such a comparison? Against the expectation of many, IFIs already implemented efficient rules for redirecting global funds to climate and environmental projects β€” and have thus performed a successful β€œact of societal learning”. The β€œenvironmental and social project quality criteria” have played a crucial role in convincing economic and administrative actors (i. e., learners in our context) to behave in a climatecompatible manner. Thus, the lesson can be drawn from the domain of β€œsocietal learning” to the domain of β€œindividual learning” that clear and transparent criteria sets are decisive for a rule-based societal transformation. This article shows that a criteriabased selection process provides the best results for long-term societal interest; in this case climate protection.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ описаниС «климатичСского финансирования» ΠΈ Β«Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ финансирования», Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ финансовыми организациями (МЀО), ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… экологичСских ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π² качСства ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². ЦСлью Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ являСтся восприятиС ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ связанной с ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСдой Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ (МЀО) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ части процСсса обучСния общСства ΠΈ, соотвСтствСнно, описаниС «экологичСских ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π² качСства ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Β» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ выраТСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ процСсса обучСния общСства. Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сравнСния наша Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ аудитория, связанная с Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ финансами? Π’ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ оТиданиям ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ…, МЀО ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ эффСктивныС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° пСрСраспрСдСлСния Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ Π² области ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСды, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠ², Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ самым, ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Β«Π°ΠΊΡ‚ обучСния общСства». ЭкологичСскиС ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ качСства ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² сыграли Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ экономичСских ΠΈ административных ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² (Ρ‚.Π΅. ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Π² нашСм контСкстС) Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ климатичСски совмСстимоС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· области «обучСния общСства» Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Β«ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния» ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для прСобразования общСства Π½Π° основС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ». Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ процСсс ΠΎΡ‚Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° основС ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π² обСспСчиваСт Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ для долгосрочных интСрСсов общСства, Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ случаС β€” для Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°

    Technical Report: Influence of an enhanced use of biomass for energy on the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

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    In this study, the influence of different strategies of 'biomass for energy' was modelled by means of a global carbon cycle model in order to compute the annual atmospheric CO2 concentration until the year 2100. A 'Combined Energy and Biosphere Model' was developed on the basis of the OsnabrΓΌck Biosphere Model (OBM)

    Π‘ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ инструмСнты стимулирования сотрудничСства Π² сфСрС Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°: ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ

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    The author explores various aspects of cooperation of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) between themselves (blending), as well as with state and commercial structures of different countries in the field of solving international problems related to climate change on the planet. The aim of the article is to describe the role of IFIs, forms of cooperation and the financial instruments used for funding activities for sustainable economic development and solving climate problems in the world and in individual states. The author applies general scientific cognition methods, such as analysis, synthesis and systemic approach. The study generalizes the experience of IFIs in addressing the issues based on international statistics in areas such as sustainable economic development and global climate change. The paper provides the statistical analysis of individual countries, in particular, in the Central Asian region. The author makes a conclusion about the importance of the dialectical interconnection between the methods of collective and individual learning in solving global problems, as well as the development of universal procedures, instruments and criteria for assessing the achievement of goals. The formulated proposals may be of further use to regulators, relevant ministries and departments, as well as companies in cooperation with IFIs in the implementation of infrastructure and climate protection projects.Автор исслСдуСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ аспСкты сотрудничСства ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых институтов (IFIs) ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ собой, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ с государствСнными ΠΈ коммСрчСскими структурами Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стран Π² сфСрС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, связанных с климатичСскими измСнСниями Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅. ЦСль ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ β€” Ρ€Π°ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ финансовых институтов, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ сотрудничСства ΠΈ примСняСмыС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом финансовыС инструмСнты для финансирования мСроприятий ΠΏΠΎ устойчивому экономичСскому Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡŽ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ климатичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… государствах. Автор примСняСт ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ познания, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, синтСз, систСмный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄. Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ исслСдования ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… финансовых институтов Π² сфСрС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ статистики Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… сфСрах, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ устойчивоС экономичСскоС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ климатичСскиС измСнСния. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° статистика ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стран, Π² частности Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-Азиатского Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ваТности диалСктичСской взаимосвязи ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния Π² процСссС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€, инструмСнтов ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ достиТСния Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ прСдлоТСния ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ рСгуляторами, ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ министСрствами ΠΈ вСдомствами, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ компаниями ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ взаимодСйствии с ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ финансовыми институтами Π² процСссС Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ инфраструктурных ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²

    ΠœΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ финансовыС ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°

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    The aim of this article is to show in which way international financial institutions (IFIs) can contribute to climate protection projects. The principles of IFIs’ project cycles are explained in the context of the new blending tool. The cooperation with other donors stands in the centre of EU project funding and the notion of leveraging allows to quantify the cooperative effect among different donors. The bulk of this article describes the most relevant IFIs and national development banks with an international focus: Green Climate Fund (GCF), European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), French Development Agency (AFD), German Development Bank (KfW), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). For all these IFIs, descriptions are provided and their main fields of actions identified. The procedure of application (the β€œproject cycle”) is illustrated and an overview of their strategies is given. Thus, this article seeks to provide practical guidance on how to cooperate with IFIs and to direct funds into substantially valid and responsible climate projects.ЦСль настоящСй ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ финансовыС ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ (МЀО) ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ² МЀО Ρ€Π°Π·ΡŠΡΡΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² контСкстС Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ комбинирования инструмСнтов финансирования. БотрудничСство с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто Π² финансировании ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π•Π‘, Π° понятиС Β«Π»Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΒ» позволяСт количСствСнно ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ эффСкт сотрудничСства ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠ°Ρ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ посвящСна описанию Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… МЀО ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² развития, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ: Π—Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ климатичСский Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ (Π—ΠšΠ€), ЕвропСйский инвСстиционный Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ (Π•Π˜Π‘), ЕвропСйский Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ рСконструкции ΠΈ развития (Π•Π‘Π Π ), ЀранцузскоС агСнтство развития (ЀАР), ГСрманский Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ развития (KfW), ВсСмирный Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ (Π’Π‘), Азиатский Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ развития (АБР) ΠΈ Азиатский Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ инфраструктурных инвСстиций (ΠΠ˜Π˜Π‘). Для Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… МЀО Π΄Π°Π½Ρ‹ описания ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈΡ… основныС направлСния Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ заявки (Β«ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Β») ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈΡ… стратСгий. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π² настоящСй ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдпринята ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ практичСскиС Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с МЀО ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ срСдства Π½Π° осущСствлСниС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΈ отвСтствСнных климатичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ².

    Revisiting the Temperature Dependent Ionic Conductivity of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ)

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    The temperature dependent conductivity of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) exhibits a bending in Arrhenius’ plots which is frequently discussed in terms of free and associated oxygen vacancies. However, the very high doping concentration in YSZ leads to such a strong defect interaction that the concept of free vacancies becomes highly questionable. Therefore, the temperature dependent conductivity of YSZ is reconsidered. The conductivity of YSZ with different doping concentration was measured in a broad temperature range. The data are analyzed in terms of two different barrier heights that have to be passed along an average path of an oxygen vacancy in YSZ (two barrier model). For 8–10 mol% yttria, the two barriers are in the range of 0.6 eV and 1.1–1.2 eV, respectively. The conductivity and thus the barrier heights also depend on the cooling rate after a high temperature pre-treatment. This indicates that different frozen-in distributions of dopants affect the vacancy motion by different energy landscapes. Temporarily existing defect configurations, possibly with a strong effect of repulsive oxygen vacancy interaction, are suggested as the reason of high barriers. Future dynamic ab-initio calculations may reveal whether this modified model of the YSZ conductivity is mechanistically meaningful.Fonds zur FΓΆrderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschun
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